Moving Object Detection Video Images Using Matlab Computer Science Essay

Moving Object Detection Video Images Using Matlab Computer Science Essay Moving item discovery is a significant exploration subject of PC vision and video preparing territories. Discovery of moving items In video streams is the principal pertinent advance of data extraction in numerous PC vision applications.. This paper advances an improved foundation deduction of moving article discovery of fixed camera condition. At that point consolidating the versatile foundation deduction with even differencing acquires the uprightness frontal area picture. Utilizing chromaticity contrast to wipe out the shadow of the moving objective, adequately recognizes moving shadow and moving objective. The outcomes show that the calculation could rapidly set up the foundation demonstrate and recognize respectability moving objective quickly. Moving article identification is a significant piece of advanced picture preparing procedures and it is the base of the many after refined handling undertaking, for example, target acknowledgment and following, target arrangement, conduct comprehension and examination .Aside from the inborn value of having the option to portion video streams into moving and foundation parts, distinguishing moving items gives a focal point of consideration regarding acknowledgment, order and movement investigation. The innovation has a wide application prospect, for example, shrewd screen, self-sufficient route, human PC collaboration, augmented reality, etc. This paper considers the strategy for acquiring the information of moving article from video pictures by foundation extraction. Item discovery requires two stages: foundation extraction and article extraction. Moving item identification needs static foundation picture. Since each casing of video picture has moving article at that point foundation extraction is essential. Each edge picture deducting the foundation picture can get the moving article picture. This is object extraction. At that point the moving item location can be accomplished. This paper right off the bat presents two moving item discovery calculations of fixed scenes outline contrast strategy and moving edge technique and breaks down their points of interest and disservices, and afterward presents another calculation dependent on them, in conclusion gives the test results and investigation Foundation extraction of moving item Foundation extraction implies that the foundation, the static scene, is extricated from the video picture. Since the camera is fixed, every pixel of the picture has a comparing foundation esteem which is fundamentally fixed over some undefined time frame. Notable issues in foundation extraction incorporate 1)Light changes: foundation model ought to adjust to steady light changes. 2)Moving foundation: foundation model ought to incorporate changing foundation that isn't of enthusiasm for visual reconnaissance, for example, moving trees 3) Cast shadows: the foundation model ought to incorporate the shadow cast by the moving articles that obviously stays under control moving so as to have a progressively exact discovery of moving item shape. 4)Bootstrapping: the foundation model ought to be appropriately arrangement even without a total and static preparing set toward the start of the portion 5) Camouflage: moving articles ought to be distinguished regardless of whether their chromatic highlights are like those of thebackground model. . Estimation of back to back edges deduction The technique uses current two edges or the contrasts between the present edge and its past edge to remove a movement district. In this paper, we embrace its improvement techniques to be specific balanced differencing, that implies picture contrasts of the three current edges. This strategy can evacuate impacts of divulging foundation which is brought about by movement, precisely acquire shape of moving targets. In the ordinary foundation deduction technique, a fixed reference foundation model for the proposed observation territory is built ahead of time. The customary foundation deduction technique separates moving targets dependent on the distinction between the present picture and the reference foundation model. It functions admirably for applications in controlled situations, in which a consistent enlightenment situation can be accomplished falsely. Be that as it may, for other visual following applications, for example, traffic observing and security/observation, the light conditions change after some time with the goal that a fixed reference foundation model isn't reasonable and may in the end lead to a discovery disappointment. Thus, development and upkeep of a dependable and precise reference foundation model is critical in foundation deduction based movement location draws near. Figure 1 calculation for foundation deduction Ordinary moving article recognition calculations Edge distinction strategy To identify moving article in the observation video caught by stable camera, the least complex technique is the casing contrast strategy for the explanation that it has incredible location speed, can be actualized on equipment effectively and has been utilized broadly. While identifying moving article by outline contrast technique, in the distinction picture, the unaltered part is dispensed with while the changed part remains. This change is brought about by development or clamor, so it requires a parallel procedure upon the distinction picture to recognize the moving items and commotion. Associated part marking is likewise expected to get the littlest square shape containing the moving items. The clamor is expected as Gaussian repetitive sound figuring the edge of the twofold procedure. As indicated by the hypothesis of measurements, there is not really any pixel which has scattering multiple seasons of standard deviation. Hence the edge is determined as following: T â‚ ¬Ã¢ ½Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ u â‚ ¬Ã¢ «Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ 3â ¶ While u is the mean of the distinction picture  ¶ â‚ ¬Ã¢ is the standard deviation of the distinction picture. The stream outline of the identifying procedure by outline technique is appeared in fig 2 Fig 2 Frame Differencing Method Moving edge strategy Contrast picture can be viewed as time angle, while edge picture is space slope. Moving edge can be characterized by the rationale AND activity of distinction picture and the edge picture . The benefit of casing contrast technique is its little computation, and the inconvenience is that it is touchy to the commotion. On the off chance that the items don't move however the splendor of the foundation changes, the aftereffects of casing contrast strategies might be not precise enough. Since the edge has no connection with the splendor, moving edge strategy can beat the disservice of edge contrast technique. The stream diagram of the recognizing procedure by moving edge strategy is appeared in fig 3 Fig 3. Moving edge technique Improved Moving article discovery calculation dependent on outline distinction and edge recognition Moving edge technique can successfully smother the clamor brought about by light, yet it despite everything has some misinterpretations to some other commotion. This paper proposes an improved calculation dependent on outline distinction and edge identification. Upon investigation, the technique has better clamor concealment and higher recognition precision. 1. Calculation presentation The stream diagram of the discovery procedure by utilizing the technique dependent on outline contrast and edge identification introduced in this paper Fig 4. Improved Algorithm The means of new calculation introduced in this paper are as per the following. (1) Get edge pictures Ek-1 and Ek by edge discovery with two ceaseless casings Fk-1 and Fk by utilizing Canny edge identifier. (2) Get edge distinction picture Dk by contrast among Ek and Ek-1. (3) Divide edge distinction picture Dk into some specific little squares and tally the quantity of non-zero pixels in the square, and recorded it as Sk. (4) If Sk is bigger than the edge, mark the square is a moving zone, else it is a static region. Let 1 presents moving region and 0 presents static zone, we can get a lattice M. (5) Do associated segments naming to M, and expel the associated parts that are excessively little. (6) Get the littlest square shapes containing the moving articles. The calculation has improved both the article Segmentation and item finding. .2 Object division Article division is to separate the picture into moving territory and static region. The calculation introduced in this paper will get the edge pictures first,then distinction them to get the edge contrast picture. In thefinal picture we get, the pixel estimation of foundation region equivalent to 0 and pixel estimation of the edge of movingobjects equivalent to 1. Presently we will think about the contrast between our calculation and moving edge technique (1) In moving edge technique, accept two constant outlines are Fk-1 and Fk, foundation is B, moving objects are Mk-1 and Mk, and free repetitive sound Nk-1 and Nk for two casings each. At that point we can have So we can get the distinction between two casings: Utilize Canny edge location with outlines Fk. We can get edge picture Ek. At that point we can get the outcome: EMk, ENk are edge pictures brought about by Mk and Nk each. Characterize signal commotion proportion is While SEM is the quantity of edges brought about by moving items, and SEN is the quantity of edges brought about by clamor. At that point we know the SNR of the moving edge technique is (2) In our technique, we initially get edge pictures by edge indicator: At that point by contrast we get Since in the viable framework, the distinction between two edge pictures is outright estimation of the distinction esteem and the edges of two pictures are not a similar when the articles are moving So very the edge contrast picture we can have the whole of the edges of two edges. Since the clamor is autonomous and two casings are subordinate with one another, we can have The SNR in our calculation is It shows that the SNR in our calculation is not exactly the moving edge strategy. Our strategy will work all the more productively. 3..Detection of moving cast shadows To forestall the moving shadows being misclassified as moving items or parts of moving articles, this paper speaks to an unequivocal strategy for discovery of moving cast shadows on a ruling scene foundation. These shadows are created by objects between a light source and the foundation. Moving cast shadows cause an edge distinction

Florida Department of Management Services Essays

Florida Department of Management Services Essays Florida Department of Management Services Essay Florida Department of Management Services Essay Presentation In the mid 1990s. the Florida Department of Management Services ( DMS ) had developed a major data frameworks web that served territory specialists agencies in 10 local destinations and associated these to the informations community in Tallahassee. The web depended on the use of the exclusive Systems Network Architecture ( SNA ) from IBM and a centralized server at the informations community that housed the greater part of the applications. Body 1. Investigate the security instruments expected to shield the DMS frameworks from both region workers and clients getting to over the Internet. Two security components expected to ensure the DMS frameworks are Virtual Private Networks and IP Security. Fitting to Stalling ( 2009 ) Virtual Private Networks ( VPN ) makes utilization of encoding and specific conventions to gracefully security for those using the Internet or some other open web to complect destinations. These open networks give a course approach to remote workers and other migrant representatives to sign on to corporate frameworks from far off locales. The region representatives would hold to use the VPN to course the DMS by validating using their work endorsements. IP Security ( IPSec ) gives the ability to obtain interchanges over a LAN. across private and open WANs and over the Internet. A few outlines of IPSec are: ( 1 ) Secure region office availability over the Internet: An organization can develop an unafraid viab le private web over the Internet or over an open WAN. This kind of concern depend, as it were, on the Internet and chop down its interest for private networks. rescuing expenses and web heading working cost. : ( 2 ) Secure inaccessible dish over the Internet: A terminal client whose framework is outfitted with IP security conventions can do a nearby call to an Internet administration provider ( ISP ) and increase secure course to an organization web. This diminishes the expense of cost charges for going workers and remote workers ; ( 3 ) set uping extranet and intranet network with life partners: IPSec can be utilized to get speaking with different associations. guaranting trademark and secrecy and providing a cardinal trade instrument ; ( 4 ) increasing electronic corporate greed security: despite the fact that some Web and electronic corporate greed applications have established security conventions. the use of IPSec improves that security. IPSec ensures that all traffic assigned by the web chief is both encoded and confirmed. including an additional bed of security to whatever is given at the application bed. Also. regardless of whether different businesses offer ascent to spaces in which rivalry takes topographic point in detached. protected innovation free infinites relies upon arranged elements remembering the being for an interminable of organizations with restrictive arrangements and the nearness of engineerings so mind boggling they are powerless against coincidental patent infringement. ( Alexy. O. . A ; Reitzig. M. ( 2012 ) . 2. Audit the section methodology performed by the DMS in the occasion overview. At that point. encourage two ( 2 ) alternatives to the IP base or applications non as of now referenced in the occurrence review. What is at that spot to survey? All DMS did was placed in certain switches and arranged them. Would person be able to please help with this? Developing Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) frameworks can fuse concern frameworks with building bearing frameworks for improved course controls (, for example, amalgamate dashboard-type inclusion ) . Driven by concern requests for asset efficiencies and bearing by measurement’ . this worry insight variant has been irreplaceable for the worry prompting move. priorities and warrant new contributing. Allotting costs for use. amortizing capital towards explicit concern causes and utilizing financial virtuoso to secure best income improvement advantage †these all imply that the new coevals of ERP apparatuses should be offices aware’ . They should accompany devices to process consumption’ informations ; so. whichever area had most use of picture conferencing. or then again toner ink. or on the other hand WAN data transfer capacity. or then again course to out-of-hours cooling †it’s all in the blend now. Such a large number of frameworks †coordinated BMS ( iBMS ) . establishments save frameworks. care course frameworks. cashless selling and EPOS. CCTV and dish control †can constrain the mountains of informations they create every twenty-fo ur hours to other cardinal heading frameworks. Presently IP networks are at the chest of empowering such informations picking up control. chomp and combination. ( Manivannan. 2012 ) 3. Survey the ideals of the significant administrations found on the DMS Website. Fitting to the site. DMS is a mutual help provider that bolsters area agencies and territory representatives through: Human Resource Support and Business Operationss: the Department of Management Services is answerable for pull offing the region powers framework. counting: Insurance Benefits. Florida Retirement System. Human Resource Management. DMS endeavors to flexibly the top notch administration our customers expect and merit while decreasing the working expenses of region specialists with the goal that more assets can be engaged where they are required most. Protection Benefits-The Division of State Group Insurance ( DSGI ) offers and deals with an exhaustive heap of pre-and post-charge health and open help protection benefits for dynamic and resigned region workers and their family units. counting: a variety of wellbeing protection alternatives ; adaptable dispensing and health savings narratives ; disaster protection ; alveolar consonant. vision and kind of protection stocks. Florida Retirement System=The Division of Retirement ( Division ) was set up to administrate the Florida Retirement System ( FRS ) . which was made in December 1970 to unite bing state-directed retirement frameworks. Since its inventive action. the Divisions obligations have extended to include: overseeing ; checking ; directing ; guaranting similarity. Human Resource Management-Florida’s region representatives are our most important asset. They are the essence of region specialists. The Division of Human Resource Management works with the agency powers workplaces to create human asset arrangements. examples and plans. As human asset experts. it is our obligation to ensure that the State’s HR approaches and examples are intended to pull and back up the workers who serve the individuals of Florida. Individuals First is simply the state’s administration. secure. electronic powers data framework and undertaking wide set-up of human asset ( HR ) administrations. The framework smoothes out and computerizes a significant number of the state’s HR maps and is included the undermentioned resources: paysheet preparing. joining in and go forward. enrolling. benefits removal. HR course. hierarchical course. 4. Prescribe an additional assistance to add to the DMS Website. With designing today. there is an expanded of the use of compact IP-empowered gadgets and gathering content dispersion applications on Wireless Mesh Networks ( WMNs ) . This surge is encouraged by its relative ease of introducing and as such is an alluring choice in conditions missing bing conveying base or potentially in the midst of characteristic exigencies. DMS would enormously profits by this on the grounds that. their workers will have the option to course the site for data snappier when they are off from their work area. The WMNs is each piece equipped for providing high data transfer capacity dish to the web. The ability of the WMNs can be improved by reenforcing the framework with multicasting and versatility qualities. Nonetheless. there are difficulties of consistent coordinating when such bing multicasting and versatility qualities of MANET and fixed networks are moved to the WMNs circle. Along these lines. a wide extent of endeavors have been aimed at happening answers for these difficulties so as to build the across the board arrangement of the WMNs based imparting base. By bring forthing a one volume thorough history of coordinating multicasting with portability bolster deployable by means of Wireless Mesh Networks. this work at taking at inquire about waies in the nation of consolidate itinerant multicasting on Wireless Mesh Networks. ( Sanni. Hashim. Anwar A ; and so forth 2011 ) . Outline or Conclusion Florida DMS will benefit from the use of WMN added to their IP foundations. Each twenty-four hours designing is advancing with new contemplations in covering with correspondences between individuals. DMS will proceed to win in the great beyond. Notices Stalls. W. ( 2009 ) . CIS 505: Business Datas Communicationss: Custom version ( sixth ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. New shirt: Prentice Hall. Florida DMS hypertext move convention:/www. diabetes mellitus. myflorida. com Manivannan. M. M. ( 2012 ) . Developing around IP. Building A ; Technology ( 17509637 ) . 7 ( 2 ) . 78-81. doi:10. 1049/et. 2012. 0211 Alexy. O. . A ; Reitzig. M. ( 2012 ) . Pull offing the worry dangers of loosened innovation. Mckinsey Quarterly. ( 1 ) . 17-21. Sanni. M. L. . Hashim. A. A. . Anwar. F. F. . Naji. A. W. . A ; Ahmed. G. M. ( 2011 ) . Versatile Multicast in Wireless Mesh Networks. Australian Journal Of Basic A ; Applied Sciences. 5 ( 9 ) . 957-966.

Were closed today Tuesday, November 5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Were closed today Tuesday, November 5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its Election Day here in the United States.  Although its not a presidential election year, U.S. citizens are exercising their right to vote for their local representatives in government.  As a result many public (and some private) schools are closed in New York City today. Columbia University is one of the institutions that honors our hard earned privilege to vote and encourages people to vote by closing the school to allow us to do just that.    If you are interested in learning about electoral systems and voting policies, you can study it in our USP  concentration. We will be back in the office tomorrow November 6 to answer your questions.

Technology And Its Impact On The Advancement Of Communication

A network is a system of lines, wires that are connected to each other. Also can be known as the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institution. There are many different areas when it comes to networking, such as, network design, business networks, social networking, home networking and so on. Each individual area has its own issue that relates to society today. A major area that is important today is communicating through the network. Back in the day, communication is vastly different than today. Throughout history, it started off orally; just by speaking and hand gestures. It slowly advanced to postal services, and first manuscripts. Eventually new inventions were made, such as the typewriter, telephone, and radio. Technology today allows us to communicate through electronics such as cell phones, social networking websites, and email. Communication has changed a lot throughout the years and is still used till this day. Development in technology is mod ified significantly in particular to networking that has resulted in the advancement of communication. The process of communication has evolved over the years. It is a way to be expressing, learn about others, build trust and relationships, and solve problems. Though it sounds fun and easy, there are many consequences that come along with it. This has affected society in some ways are positive, while others are negative. To start off with it’s positive aspects, there are many new inventionsShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Technology1022 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology affects every aspect of our lives. We as humans use it every day with little to no thought. Humans are becoming more reliant on the internet and other forms of technology to receive their information and communicate. However, the increase in the use of technology has had a negative effect on humans’ health and development and communication. 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Essay Television Series Leave it to Beaver - 555 Words

Leave it to Beaver was one of the most popular television series of the 1950’s where June Cleaver was the personification of a traditional wife. The show depicts a traditional family where Ward Cleaver, the father, with his wife June raise their two sons: Wally and Beaver. You giggle at the antics of their two boys as they grow up during an innocent time with problems that would seem laughable today. In the Leave it to Beaver series episodes â€Å"Teacher Comes to Dinner† and †Teacher’s Pet† you see June take on the feminine gender role and Ward take on the masculine gender role (â€Å"Teacher Comes to Dinner† †Teacher’s Pet†). Upon deeper analysis of both episodes you observe June gaily take on the traditional role of caretaking the family yet†¦show more content†¦If the husband becomes unhappy with his wife he could leave and the woman would potentially have no money for herself and children not to mention any ret irement. 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FA Style Analysis Essay Bayer Free Essays

That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away; all other things were unreal. We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not alone. Often a man wishes to be alone and a girl wishes to be alone alone against the others. We will write a custom essay sample on FA Style Analysis Essay Bayer or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has only happened to me like that once. I have been alone while I was with many girls and that is the way that you can too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other, but I can truly say we never felt that. We could feel alone when we were together, be most lonely. But we were never lonely and never afraid when we were together. I know that the night is not the same as the day: that all things are different, that the things of the night cannot be explained in the day, because hey do not then exist, and the night can be a dreadful time for lonely people once their loneliness has started. But with Catherine there was almost no difference in the night except that it was an even better time. If people bring so much courage to the world the world has to kill them to break them, so Of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry. How to cite FA Style Analysis Essay Bayer, Essays

Promotion Essays - Marketing, Communication Design, Merchandising

Promotion Our communication objectives are to get a geographic coverage. We want people to know that our retail store is near them. People tend to shop at places near their home and work. We will be determining our communication budget based on how many people have entered the store and purchased something. If out initial budget is 5000$ and sales have increased to 6000-7000$ than will increase our budget and expand our frequency. Once sales have stayed the same then we will adjust the budget to what our highest peak of sales were with minimal budget. The effectiveness will be based on sales and how many people have actually visited the stores since our launch of our marketing campaign. The message will be along the lines of getting people to know what the retail store is and where they can find it on a short 30 second ad. We will be sending out these messages through the radio since we can be sure that the people listening are people who live around the area. Radio is cheap and gets us a frequency and reach. The timing of this message will take place from Monday to Friday, twice a day. One at 7am and another at 5pm, which is when the traffic on the radio is high in order to get more reach. Our sales promotion will consist of having a weekly promotion on different cars. For example, one week will have a sale on all Dodge cars and another week will have all Ford cars on sale. This will have people looking forward towards the next week's sale. This will encourage traffic flow in the store to have people constantly coming to visit the retail store for collectors.

Georgia keeffe essays

Georgia keeffe essays Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was born in the year on November 15, 1887. She was one of seven children and spent most of her childhood on a farm, with the typical farm animals and rolling hills. O'Keeffe's aunt, not her mother, was mostly responsible for raising her. O'Keeffe did not care much for her aunt, she once referred to her as, "the headache of my life." She did, however, have some admiration for her aunt's strict and self disciplined character. O'Keeffe was given her own room and less responsibility. The younger sisters had to do more chores and share close living conditions. A younger sister stated that O'Keeffe always wanted things her way, and if she didn't get them her way, "she'd raise the devil." It was found through family and friends that O'Keeffe was like this throughout much of her life. O'Keeffe began her training early with private art lessons at home. The foundation of her future as an artist was made. When O'Keeffe was in the eighth grade she asked a daughter of a farm employee what she was going to do when she grew up. The girl said she didn't know. O'Keeffe replied very definitely, "...I am going to be an artist!""I don't really know where I got my artist idea...I only know that by that time it was definitely settled in my mind." She entered the Sacred Heart Academy, an art school in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1901. At school she discovered her blooming talent for artwork. Her art seemed to be the only stable element in O'Keeffe's younger life. In 1902 her parents moved to Virginia and were joined by the children in 1903. By the age of 16, O'Keeffe had 5 years of private art lessons at various schools in Wisconsin and Virginia. One particular teacher, Elizabeth Willis, encouraged her to work at her own pace and granted her opportunities that the other students felt were unfair. At times she would work intensely, and at other times she would not work for days. When it was brought to the attention of ...

How Teachers Can Achieve Happiness

How Teachers Can Achieve Happiness The stereotype around elementary school teachers is that they are always peppy and happy and full of life. While this may hold true for some elementary school teachers, it sure does not for all teachers. As you know, having a job in the teaching profession can be quite challenging. Teachers have a lot of pressure on them. Not only do they have to learn and teach the common core standards to students, but they also have the challenging job of making sure that their students are ready to be productive citizens once they get out of school. With all of this pressure, along with the responsibilities of  lesson planning, grading, and discipline, the job can sometimes take a toll on any teacher, no matter how peppy their nature. To help relieve some of these pressures, use these tips on a daily basis to help you deal and, hopefully, bring some joy to your life.   1. Take Time for Yourself One of the best ways that you can achieve happiness is to take time for yourself. Teaching is a very selfless profession and sometimes you just need to take a moment and do something for yourself. Teachers spend so much of their free time scouring the internet looking for effective lesson plans or grading papers, that they sometimes end up neglecting their personal needs. Set aside one day of the week for lesson planning or grading, and set aside another day for yourself. Take an art class, go shopping with a friend, or try that yoga class that your friends are always trying to get you to go to.   2. Make Your Choices Wisely According to Harry K. Wong in the book â€Å"How to Be an Effective Teacher† the way a person chooses to behave (as well as their reactions) will dictate what their life will be like. He says that their are three categories of behavior that people can exhibit, they are protective behaviors, maintenance behaviors, and enhancement behaviors. Here are examples of each behavior. Protective Behavior –These are people who are full of excuses, who complain a lot, and are good at justifying their behavior. You probably always see them in the teachers’ lounge complaining about everything and anything that is happening in their classroom as well as at the school. Maintenance Behavior – These are the people who are very hardworking and who spend a lot of time wishing (I wish I won the lottery, I wish I had a bigger classroom). They tend to get along well with others, and don’t complain or put people down in the teachers’ lounge. They are concerned with their own individual survival, health, and safety. Enhancement Behavior –These individuals enjoy active learning and participating in groups. They go to every teacher conference and meeting, and are known around the school as a leader. Now that you know the three types of behavior, which category do you fall into? Which type of teacher do you want to be? The way that you decide to act can greatly increase or decrease your overall happiness and well-being. 3. Lower Your Expectations Let go of the expectation that every lesson has to go exactly as planned. As a teacher, you will always have misses along with the hits. If your lesson was a flop, try to think of it as a learning experience.  Just as you teach your students that they can learn from their mistakes, so can you. Lower your expectations and you will find that you will be much happier. 4. Do Not Compare Yourself to Anyone One of the many problems with social media is the ease with which people can present their lives in any way they wish. As a result, people tend to only portray the version of themselves and their life that they want others  to see. If you are scrolling down your Facebook news feed you may see many teachers that look like they have it all together, which can be quite intimidating and result in feelings of inadequacy. Compare yourself to no one. It’s hard not to compare yourself to others when we have Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest in our lives. But just remember that it probably takes some of these teachers hours to create the perfect-looking lesson. Do your best and try to be satisfied with the results.   5. Dress for Success Never underestimate the power of a nice outfit.   While dressing up to teach a bunch of elementary students may seem like a bad idea, research shows that it can actually make you feel happier. So the next morning that you want an instant pick-me-up, try wearing your favorite outfit to school. 6. Fake it Weve all heard the expression, Fake it til you make it. Turns out, it might actually work. Some studies that show if you smile when you are unhappy, you can trick your brain into feeling like you are happy. The next time your students are driving you crazy, try smiling- it might just turn your mood around. 7. Socialize with Friends and Colleagues Do you find that you tend to be alone a lot when you are feeling unhappy? Studies found that the more time unhappy people spent socializing with others, the better that they felt. If you’re spending a lot of time by yourself, try getting out and socializing with your friends or colleagues. Go eat lunch in the faculty lounge instead of your classroom, or go for that drink after school with your friends.   8. Pay it Forward There have been so many studies conducted that show that the more that you do for others, the better you feel about yourself. The sheer act of doing a good deed can make a huge impact on your self-esteem, as well as your happiness. The next time that you are feeling down, try doing something nice for someone else. Even if its just holding the door open for a stranger or making extra photocopies for your colleague, paying it forward can really improve your mood. 9. Listen to Music   Studies find that focused listening to music that is upbeat, or even just reading lyrics that are positive, can improve your mood.   Classical music is also said to have a mood-boosting effect on people. So the next time you’re sitting in your classroom and are in need of a pick-me-up, turn on some upbeat or classical music. Not only will it help to boost your mood, it will help your students moods as well.   Ã‚   10. Express Gratitude A lot of us spend a lot of our time focusing on what we dont have, rather than focusing our time on what we do have. When we do this, it can make you feel sad and unhappy. Try expressing gratitude and focusing all of your attention on the positive things that you have in your life. Think about what is going right in your life, and all of things that you are grateful for. Each morning before your toes even hit the ground, say three things that you are grateful for. Here are a few examples of what you can do each morning to express gratitude. Today I am grateful for: My health and the health of my familyThat I have food, clothes and a roof over my headThat I have a wonderful job that helps me provide for my family You have the ability to control how you feel. If you wake up feeling unhappy then you have the ability to change that. Use these ten tips and practice them daily. With practice, you can form lifelong habits that can increase your overall happiness.

Business Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Law Questions - Essay Example This is different from Public companies where the shares are offered on a public stock exchange (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007). Another advantage would be that to form a Private Limited Company the minimum requirement is to have members with an upper limit of 50. In contrast, public Companies require a minimum of seven members with an unlimited upper limit. They are currently three partners and this is enough to form a Private Limited Company. Changing the business to a Private Limited Company enables the business to be able to source for funds from a wider scope than before. They can still obtain funds from family and friends, but now come into consideration from financial institutions. Companies are able to obtain better loans as they tend to have better credit scores when compared with other forms of business like partnerships. This is similar to Public Companies. The main difference is that Public Companies can raise more funds since their books of account are open to the public. Thi s increases the chances of getting debt financing. In forming a company they will enjoy the benefits of having limited liability, Salomon vs. A. Salomon & Co Ltd (1897). A limited company is limited to the extent of the shares held by each individual shareholder. In the case the company winds up, the only claim creditors can have is to the extent of unpaid up share capital. This is because in law, a company is a legal entity in its own right and is separate from the shareholders (Shtein & Lindgren, 1984). This also enables a continued existence even with the incapacitation of a shareholder (Adams, 2008). In the previous partnership, any event leading to the incapacitation of a single shareholder would have led to winding up of the business. In case they would like to expand further, the upper limit of 50 members enables the company to source for more funds by allowing interested members to subscribe.

Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Obese Children Thesis

Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Obese Children - Thesis Example As the discussion highlights no research has been able to prove clearly that racial and ethnic background of a person is a factor that causes overweight and obesity in people. Even though some researches have concluded that it is the racial and ethnic background of a person that causes obesity in him, the deeper look at those studies show that it is not the racial and the ethnic background, but the socioeconomic factors ‘associated’ with those racial and ethnic communities that lead to development of obesity in people. Hence, it can be concluded that it is the ‘socioeconomic status’ (SES) and the social factors related to minor races and ethnic communities in the US that causes the prevalence of obesity among people.This essay stresses that  the research conducted to study the role of racial and ethnic background on obesity trend among children has revealed that children from ‘all’ the races and ethnic background showed a trend of increase in weight with growing years.  In a research conducted to study the effect of family income on the development of overweight and obesity in children, it was found that income of family and biological and social factors in the environment play an important role in the development of obesity.  At the same time, this study revealed a very interesting thing about the racial and ethnic aspect of obesity.... Effect of SES The research conducted to study the role of racial and ethnic background on obesity trend among children has revealed that children from ‘all’ the races and ethnic background showed a trend of increase in weight with growing years (Freedman et al. 301). The only difference is that children from some ethnic background show more increase in obesity than children from other ethnic background. For example, over 30-year period, children belonging to White ethnic background showed an increase in prevalence of overweight from 4% to 13%, while children from Black ethnic background showed an increase from 4% to 30% (Freedman et al. 301). This shows that not only children and adults from Hispanic ethnic background but also children and adults from White ethnic background have a tendency towards overweight and obesity. Hence, it does not clearly prove the effect of race and ethnicity on obesity and overweight. Moreover, other studies have revealed that it is not the r ace and ethnicity of a child that causes obesity, but it is the SES factors ‘associated’ with certain race and ethnic backgrounds that causes obesity. In a research conducted to study the effect of family income on the development of overweight and obesity in children, it was found that income of family and biological and social factors in the environment play an important role in the development of obesity (â€Å"Childhood Overweight..† para.35). At the same time, this study revealed a very interesting thing about the racial and ethnic aspect of obesity. The study found that the BMI levels in the second generation of Mexican-American adults is high among those living in the US than among those living in Mexico (â€Å"Childhood Overweight..† para.33). Moreover, the prevalence and the

Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law

Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law 1. Introduction Legal language. Once an almost magical language of words of stipulation and oaths that should have impressed its subjects and submit them in awe to its absolute obedience. Now, it may be said that the awe has disappeared, but the magic of the language of the law somehow persists, mainly due to its so called vices unintelligibility or wordiness. Everyday situations and relationships are governed by law whether people like it or not. Legal positivism argues that all our actions are covered by law (i.e. legislation, legal principles derived from judicial decisions in Common Law, or contracts) based on the principle that what is not prohibited by the law is permitted (see for example Weinberger 1995). Making pirouettes on the roof of my house every day at five oclock in the morning would be considered ‘legal because there is no law prohibiting such an activity. But let me present a less absurd example. Even by getting on the bus, though not in writing, individuals conclude a contr act with the transportation agency. In every tram or bus a list of business terms can be found an official-looking piece of paper divided in articles, sections or paragraphs, full of rights and obligations of the transporter as well as the customer. The society is inter-bound by an enormous number of agreements, arrangements and contracts, stating or implying rights and duties of its parties. To give them the mark of formality, to regulate them and to enforce them, there is the Law with its provisions. As the main functions of the law are the performative and normative (Cao 2007, 13-15), it is necessary for law to be able to communicate its norms to their addresses. This happens through language. In everyday situations, the Law and the language of its norms, regulations and laws priests lawyers are still somewhere near. Internationalisation of society has brought closer contacts among foreign countries in various aspects. Legal relationships are one of them. The European Union as well as the states themselves produce a large amount of legislation with which the companies and individuals have to deal. Still, an important part of legal relationships is carried out by means of ‘private regulations set by bi- or multi-lateral contracts by the individuals themselves (within a given legal context). Therefore, translating these contracts becomes a big issue and the main activity of numerous translation agencies. Nowadays, English is the Latin of today. It is the main language of international trade and commerce. It is not only the language of contracts when one of their parties comes from an English-speaking environment but even when no native English-speaking party is involved. Although in certain cases English serves as the ‘neutral language of legal agreements, the general understanding of English is not at such a level that they would not need to be translated to peoples mother tongues. Apart from that, legal English and ordinary English are not identical languages (Gubby 2007, 9) and the mastery of ordinary English does not mean a mastery of legal English. This thesis deals with the characteristics of legal Czech and legal English within their legal environments and problems of translation between them. The first part (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) introduces the legal language in general and analyzes the specifics of legal Czech and legal English. Chapter 5 deals with the translation of legal texts and sources of difficulties in legal translation. The second part of this thesis focuses on contracts a sub-genre of legal texts. Chapter 6 defines the place of contracts among other legal texts and deals with the stylistic specifics of contracts in general. Chapter 7 introduces and analyzes the experiment. The experiment is based on an analysis of translations of contracts by translation agencies who advertise their competence in legal translation. It seeks to find out what the general quality of their translation is and what the main problematic points are: whether it is the understanding of the text in general, finding suitable translational sol ution of the concepts or the style or understandability of the TL text. I expect the translation agencies to have problems with finding accurate translation solutions for some of the system-bound concepts, but I expect the translations to be accurate regarding the translation of the actual rights and obligations. Concrete hypotheses follow in Chapter 7. 2. Legal Language Legal language is not a language of everyday use by a population (unless, with a degree of understatement we want to call lawyers a population of a kind). It is a specialized language of legal norms and related discourse. Its distinctiveness may be seen in a number of characteristics that differentiate it from the language of ordinary use. But, there is no universal language of law that would be comprehensible to all languages. Law is a system that is bound to a particular state or organization. Language of law, its words, syntactic structure and concepts are closely related to the legal system in question. The relationship between the language and the law is mutual: the legal system influences the nature of the legal language and the legal language the language of the legal discourse influences the system. The speech of lawyers is conditioned not by the law alone, but also by the prevailing language of their environment (Mellinkoff 1963, 4). Language of law is a system- and culture-bound language for special purposes. This does not mean that the language of law is completely detached from the ordinary language. Most of its words are taken from the ordinary language. On the other hand, legal language influences everyday speech and many of its originally technical terms are now accepted as common. Mellinkoff (1963, 9) gives the examples of plaintiff or defendant in English; the same holds for the Czech sml ouva (contract) or zà ¡stava(pawn). In making generalizations about the language of law for the purpose of this thesis, the characteristics will be drawn from those of legal Czech and legal English. The legal systems in which these technical languages originated belong to different legal system families: English law (i.e. the law of England) is a part of the common law family whereas the Czech law is a member of the civil law family. 2.1 The Nature of Legal Language Cao (2007, 13-20) classifies legal language with respect to the nature of its use that can be described as normative, performative and technical. Normative The Language of law is used to impose rights and obligations; it is largely prescriptive. Laws basic function is to regulate human behaviour and human relations. Law exists as a set of prescriptions having the form of imperatives defining and enforcing the arrangements, relationships, procedures and patterns of behaviour that are to be followed in a society (Cao 2007, 12, quoting Jenkins 1980, 98). Legal language serves to communicate the legal norms to their addressees. Performative The speech act theory developed by J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle makes language responsible for effects in reality. Speech is not only words but also actions. By uttering certain words, we the facts may be changed. Legal effects and legal consequences are commonly obtained by merely uttering certain words (Cao 2007, 14), for example in a courts judgement or in front of a clerk or a priest during the marriage ceremony. Technical The question of technicality of legal language is not perceived consistently. One position argues that there is no legal language as such and it is a part of the ordinary language. The other holds that legal language is a technical language. If the latter view is accepted, what makes the language of law different from other types of language use?   The chief differences may be discussed in relation to the following aspects: speakers stylistic differences specific vocabulary terminology issues syntactic structures 2.2 Speakers The language of law is a language of legal norms and related discourse. The language of legal norms is that of legislation, judicial decisions or contracts. It is said that it is the language created and used specifically by lawyers. Although the lawyers form the core of the language-of-law-speaking community, legislation, for example, is influenced by people with no legal educational background, yet who adopt the legal terminology and expressions to a certain extent. Drawing on the situation in the civil law system, the circle of the legal language users may be described as follows: The legislators (the drafters who actually write the laws; members of the parliament, whose knowledge of all the terminology and concepts is not complete and sufficient but who try to sound as if it was), i.e. all those who create the laws in the written form and who have real influence on definitions of legal terms The judiciary (judges and people who influence the written judgements assistants to the judges or court clerks vyÃ…Â ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ­ soudnà ­ à ºÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â€ž ¢ednà ­ci) The lawyers (when negotiating, giving speeches in court, drafting documents etc.; and when talking to one another) The circle of the law language speakers in common law systems is generally the same. The major difference is that the origins of certain terms and the evolution of the language are somewhat different due to the different sources of law (the main body of legal rules is to be found in judicial decisions not in legislation). The type of speaker influences the particular style of the legal language: there is a difference between the language of an Act of Parliament (or zà ¡kon) and the language used by lawyers when talking to one another about legal matters. Nevertheless, at times the language the lawyers use does not seem to resemble the language of legislation at all. Lawyers seem to have developed some linguistic quirks that have little communicative function, and serve mainly to mark them as members of the legal fraternity (Tiersma 1999, 51).   2.3 Style Language of law is said to be purposive and pragmatic (Knapp 1995, 122). Its style is therefore governed by these characters. There have been numerous attempts on defining ‘style. One of them was made by Vilà ©m Mathesius. He defines style as â€Å"individual, unifying character found to be present in any work resulting from intentional activity† (Vachek 1974, 114). Legal style refers to the linguistic aspects of the written legal language and also to the way in which legal problems are approached, managed and solved (Cao 2007, 22, quoting Smith 1995, 190). The style of the language of law is one of the functional styles. It is said to be marked and sometimes described as being a sub-style and the most typical specimen of the officialese style, the style of official documents (Vachek 1974, 187). On the other hand, in the last decades there have been authors who believed the style of the language of law to be a separate functional style alongside other functional styles, the officialese, or administrative, being one of them. The style of the language of law can be described mainly with regard t o its syntactical structure and specific vocabulary. 2.3.1 Syntactical Structure of the Language of Law Vachek (1974, 188) describes the sentences in English legal texts to be long and complex, yet clearly built up, using various typographical devices of distributing phrases, division of the text into parallel paragraphs and capitalizing certain crucial points of the document. When describing the typical features of legal English, Tiersma (1999, 51-71) gives the following list of typical features which overlap with Vacheks description at some points: lengthy and complex sentences, unusual sentence structure, wordiness and redundancy, conjoined phrases, frequent use of negation and impersonal constructions. Cao (2007, 22) gives two general characteristics of the legal language: impersonal constructions and extensive use of declarative sentences pronouncing rights and obligations. Mellinkoff (1963, 285) argues that the language of law should not be different from the ordinary language without reason. For such differences, the following rationales are usually given: legal language is more precise, shorter, more intelligible and more durable. Of these arguments, precision seems to be the leading feature of the language of law that should give reason to all the other features which are sometimes said to be its vices. These syntactical features are further discussed in relation to legal English and legal Czech respectively. 2.3.2 Lexis The most important difference that sets off legal language from ordinary language is its lexicon. Legal language makes use of numerous words and terms that are not common in ordinary language or carry an additional meaning different from their ordinary meaning. Legal language utilizes vocabulary from standard language both in their ordinary meanings (the majority of legal language vocabulary) and specialized meanings. This second class of words may create confusion because in legal texts they may appear in both their meanings ordinary and specialized. Knapp (1978, 17-20) distinguishes the following groups of words: legal terms words with specific legal meaning and specific meaning in another specialized language words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning words having specific legal meaning, specific meaning in another specialized language as well as ordinary meaning words with neutral meaning In his later writing, Knapp (1995, 122) describes legal lexis as follows: words with ordinary meaning words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning specific legal vocabulary legal language does not use some of the words with ordinary meaning (e.g. beauty, darkness) To complete the enumeration of characteristics of legal language, Mellinkoff (1963, 11) gives the following characteristics of legal English terms: frequent use of common words with uncommon meanings; legal archaisms (words from Old and Middle English, Old French and Anglo-Norman); terms of art; argot; formal words; use of expressions with flexible meanings. 3. Legal English Because of the nature of law, the language of law has developed particular linguistic features lexical, syntactic and pragmatic to meet the demands of law and to accommodate the idiosyncrasies of law and its applications (Cao 2007, 20). Legal English style and lexicon originate in various languages: Anglo-Saxon, Latin and/or French. Legal language was originally oral; any writings served only as a report of the oral ceremony (Tiersma 1999, 36). It took quite a long time to accept the written texts as authoritative. Formbooks were written and their main effect was conservation of legal language, its terminology and phraseology. Although the ritualistic and the magical has disappeared from law, it has not disappeared from the language of law. The main vices of legal English are said to be its wordiness and excessive use of archaic words and constructions. In the last 50 years legal English underwent significant changes, mainly due to the Plain English Movement, but certain specifics persist. 3.1 Style Legal style results from cultural and legal traditions. Its chief characteristics are impersonality, extensive use of declarative sentences, negative and passive constructions. Mellinkoff (1963, 24) says the language of law has a strong tendency towards certain mannerisms such as being wordy, unclear, pompous and dull. Legal texts tend to use number of words instead of one (e.g. annul and set aside instead of annul;or totally null and void instead of void). Sometimes, they seem to contain a great part of text that seems to be devoid of meaning (as Mellinkoff puts it) such as using metaphors. Pomposity in the language of law may take many shapes especially by using words evoking respect (e.g. solemn, supreme, wisely). Pomposity and wordiness, together with long complex sentences and a lack of clarity of expression contribute to the dullness of the legal language. It has been already mentioned that the nature of legal language is among others performative. As Cao (2007, 21) writes, legal utterances perform acts, creating facts, rights and/or institutions: they are speech acts. Their performative nature may be marked by special words such as hereby and various performative verbs such as declare, undertake, promise etc. 3.1.2 Syntax Legal language is highly formal and impersonal. This is achieved by passive constructions, complex and long sentences, multiple negations and prepositional phrases (e.g. in what follows, by virtue of which). Legal English is full of archaisms and this tendency may be seen in the syntax as well. The old-fashioned syntax still makes the legal text dense, though mainly thanks to the Plain English Movement there can no longer be found grammatical archaisms like the old ‘-th endings (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 7) in legal texts. Slightly archaic tone is achieved by the use of certain prepositional phrases such as pursuant to (very often used in contracts) or subject to. A certain degree of sexism can also be found: e.g. judges calling judges of the same rank brethren. Although it is typical of legal language to consist of unusually long sentences, there is a specific area of it that is rather plain and surprisingly comprehensible. The first group is the syntax of statutes, contracts or pleadings; the second group is that of judicial summaries of particular facts of cases. Complexity of legal English documents may be seen in their layout, multiple subordination and postponement of the main verb until very late in the sentence (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 19). In legal texts such as statutes, contracts or handbooks containing procedural rules, many possible situations, factual scenarios and exceptions must be provided for (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 20) therefore the sentences are often conditional and contain hypothetical formulations. The illegibility of legal texts derives from the fact that originally legal texts were written from the far left side to the other side of the page to avoid the possibility of adding anything to the text. From this fact t he custom of avoiding punctuation is also derived: full stops, commas and semicolons may alter the meaning of the sentence. As Mellinkoff writes (1963, 367), lawyers are still reluctant to end a sentence, even though the old reasons for skimping punctuation are gone. 3.1.3 Lexis To deal with legal lexis it may be useful to systematize it. Alcaraz and Hughes (2002, 16-18) classify it as follows: 1. Functional items grammatical words and phrases that have no direct referents either in reality or conceptual; 2. Symbolic (or representational) items all the terms that refer to things or ideas in the world of reality. This group can be further divided into: purely technical terms, semi-technical terms and shared, common or â€Å"unmarked† vocabulary a) Purely technical terms: terms found exclusively in the legal sphere that have no application outside. They can be one-word terms (barrister) or whole phrases (bring an action). Some of the theorists argue that these terms are so closely related to the legal system that they cannot be translated, but only adapted. Therefore, a number of terms is often left untranslated (e.g. estoppel, trust) (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 17). b) Semi-technical or mixed terms: words or phrases that have acquired additional meaning in addition to their common meanings (issue, consideration). Their number is constantly growing to meet the developing needs of the society. c) Everyday vocabulary found in legal texts (paragraph, subject-matter). Legal English lexis especially the purely technical terms and semi-technical terms comes from various origins. Because legal English is a product of its history, various influences can be traced in contemporary legal language. The eldest part of the legal lexis is Anglo-Saxon such as bequeath, manslaughter, oath or writ.[2] Besides vocabulary, a typical Anglo-Saxon feature alliteration is to be found in legal English. Its usage is closely linked to the original magical nature of law but it can be still (and often) found in legal texts and seems to have acquired some kind of terminological value: rest, residue and remainder, to have and to hold, hold harmless etc. There are also Middle English words that nowadays survive only in legal language: aforesaid, thence, there- and here- words etc. (Mellinkoff 1963, 13). Despite the native origins of some of the most characteristic legal terms, legal English draws on numerous Latin or Latinized terms. There are dozens of phrases that still have their place in everyday legal discourse and because of their Roman Law origin they are often common to the Civil Law system as well (lex fori, bona fide, res iudicata, restitutio in integrum). Some of these phrases have their calque version that may be used alongside the Latin one (bona fide or good faith, mors civilis or civil death). Although numerous words of Latin, Anglo-Saxon or Viking origin may be found in legal English, it may be argued that the main influence for the development of legal language is to be attributed to Norman and later to French. French used to be once the language of the royal courts. Despite several attempts to return to legal English (for example the 1362 Statute of Pleading which although itself written in French forbade using French in lawsuits), French remained in use until 1731, when it was together with Latin banned from being used in legal proceedings. A vast amount of the most basic legal vocabulary is of French origin (appeal, complaint, evidence, judge, tort or verdict, and real law French words such as estoppel or alien in the sense of transfer). French influence may be also seen in some legal phrases following the French way of putting an adjective after the noun (attorney general, fee simple) or in creating neologisms by adding an -ee ending (lessee, condemnee) to a verb. From what has been just said might follow that legal English is not â€Å"English† at all, especially when considering that the word law itself is derived from the Norse word for â€Å"lay† and means â€Å"that which is laid down†. Although legal language seems to be very old-fashioned at first sight, lawyers can be quite creative when it suits their purposes (as Tiersma writes[5]) and can create neologisms such as palimony, zoning or hedonic damages. A special feature of legal English of Anglo-Saxon origin is the conjoined phrases or multinominal expressions. Some of them are alliterated as for example the rest, residue and remainder, some of them are not, such as last will and testament. These phrasesconsist of synonyms or near-synonyms. It has been argued that one of the justifications of such language behaviour is the never-ending quest for absolute precision. But as Mellinkoff says, this may not be the case: the phrase last will and testament is not as precise as plain will and when one of these words is used, the other is superfluous (Mellinkoff 1963, 331-332). Perhaps a more sound justification for the wordiness of legal English is derived from its adversarial nature. Tiersma says that â€Å"virtually any legal document is liable, at some point in its existence, to be picked apart by an opponent eager to exploit a loophole or ambiguity in hopes of wiggling out of an agreement or contesting a will. The question arising when dealing with these conjoined phrases is whether they really present a redundant overflow of words or whether they constitute a special kind of term. But an answer to this question would be outside the scope of this thesis. 4. Legal Czech Legal language is a specialized language of legal texts (Tomà ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ek 2003, 25). It is the main means of communication within law as a legal system. Communication between the legislator and the addressees of legal norms is carried out solely by language. It is mostly a natural language (the exceptions being for example road signs) and a standard language. Knapp (1988, 95) argues that there are non-standard languages of law as well, such as the spoken language of judges, or legal slangs, such as the law students speak). Legal Czech can be distinguished from the ordinary Czech especially with respect to its style. Knapp (1995, 120) distinguishes between three varieties of legal Czech: Language of laws (language of legislation) Language of courts (decision making) Language of lawyers (language of legal representation) It is typical of legal Czech that it originates from the language of legal norms the language of legislation. Legal norms regulate social relationships: they state what should be done (prescriptive function) as well as what is (descriptive function). The language of judicial decisions and the language of lawyers are basically derived from the language of legal texts. 4.1 Style Knapp (1988, 96) argues that there may not be a unified legal style because there are recognizable stylistic differences between the language of legal texts, lawyers speak or the language of theoretical legal texts. Basic stylistic requirements of legal texts may be listed as follows: precision definiteness brevity comprehensibility/understandability stability   inexpressiveness purposiveness Some of the points of this list of basic requirements quoted by Tomà ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ek (2003, 28) are developed later. a) Precision and Definiteness Precision seems to be the most important legal language requirement, not only with respect to legal Czech but other legal languages as well. To ensure legal certainty and the principle of equality in law, law must state all the rights and obligations of its subjects exactly and without doubt. This does not mean that all the legal expressions must be absolutely exact and precise: legal Czech is full of vague words, words with flexible meanings. This vagueness may not be a flaw in precise legal language. Expressions such as mà ­ra pÃ…â„ ¢imĆºÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â€ž ¢enà ¡ pomĆºrÃ…Â ¯m (degree adequate to the circumstances), znaÄ nà ¡ Ã…Â ¡koda (substantial loss), vĆºk blà ­zkà ½ vĆºku mladistvà ½m (an age close to the age of minors/juveniles), may be interpreted according to particular circumstances of the case. Relatively frequent use of these expressions in Czech legal texts may be explained by the nature of continental-system leg al norms. Czech legal norms (and continental legal norms in general) tend to be more general, often using vague expressions to leave their interpretation on courts. Common-law-system norms tend to be more casuistic and such vagueness of expression would be perceived as inadequate.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unless used in legal theory and scientific legal writings, use of synonyms is forbidden. Although we may find such synonyms in the bulk of legal expressions, legislation usually chooses only one of them and keeps using it to avoid any misinterpretation. Here are some examples of such synonyms in legal Czech: zletilost plnoletost (legal age majority; only zletilost is a truly legal expression), zpÃ…Â ¯sobilost k prà ¡vnà ­m à ºkonÃ…Â ¯m svà ©prà ¡vnost (legal capacity; only the first expression is known to the legal texts)[7]. Contrary to the use of synonyms, the use of polysemes and homonyms is not that easily avoided. When such use is inevitable, the meaning of such expressions must be interpreted by context: nà ¡lez (finding) may refer to nà ¡lez Ústavnà ­ho soudu (Constitutional Courts ruling) or to nà ¡lez vĆºci opuÃ…Â ¡tĆºnà © (finding of a derelict), zapoÄ tenà ­ (inclusion) may refer to zpÃ…Â ¯sob zà ¡niku zà ¡vazku (a way of termination of an obligation), kompenzace (compensation) etc. b) Stability To regulate social relationships and to ensure legal certainty, legal terminology and style should be relatively stable. This does not mean that the meaning of the terms does not change from time to time. Stability means that one and the same term used in a legal text should denote one and the same thing (Knapp 1995, 125). It is typical of legal Czech to â€Å"normalize† certain words and phrases, to set firmly their meanings and way of usage (see for example Knapp 1978, 47-48). c) Comprehensibility/Understandability This requirement is closely connected to that of purposiveness and precision. Legal text should communicate its content clearly and without doubt to its addressees. The ideal of understandability is to make the addressee of the legal norm understand it in the same way as its creator (Knapp 1995, 126). In another work Knapp (1988, 99) argues that even people with no legal education are able to understand the text of a legal norm. The language of law is sometimes demonized but to understand the language of law in reality is not very difficult. The demand for popularization of legal language would suggest that people read legal texts on a daily basis: but this is not so. Whether we like it or not, law seems to be a complex system that has developed its terminology and to understand the law and its language needs a specialized education in the same way as medicine does. To simplify the language of law yes; to vulgarize it no. What people may not understand when reading a law or a contr act should be issues connected to law, not to language. 4.1.1 Lexis Legal Czech makes use of all classes of words except interjections. Words of various language origins are included: traditionally Latin, less often French and recently English. Legal Czech makes use of various Latin phrases which are even taught at law schools and are used relatively frequently in legal texts and in lawyers talk. These include phrases such as inter vivos (among the living), mortis causa (in case of death) or even whole sentences describing legal principles such as Ignorantia iuris neminem excusat (The ignorance of law does not excuse). With the growth of European Union legislation and numerous international contracts, English terms slowly find their way into legal Czech. Typically, these are words for which there is no Czech equivalent (due to the systemic differences, Chapter 5) and to avo

Dr. Maya Angelou (personality theory) Essay

Dr. Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Baily Johnson, was a doorman, and, later a dietician for the navy. Her mother, Vivian Johnson, was a registered nurse. When Angelou was three years old, her parents were divorced. They sent her and her four-year-old brother, Baily, Jr., to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Henderson ran a small general store and managed to scrape by. She continued to do so after her grandchildren joined her. Angelou’s grandmother was one the many strong who trained her, helped her, and provided her with role models. The people of her church also nurtured her and gave her a sense of belonging to a community. But her child hood in the south was a nightmare. In 1982, Maya Angelou told Ebony Magazine about Stamps. She said: â€Å"When I was taken to California by my grandmother, I vowed never to return to the grim, humiliating south. Except for a tentative trip to visit when I was eighteen, I didn’t break my promise until I was forty years old.† When she was seven and a half, Angelou left Stamps to visit with her mother. While there, she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. He was tried, found guilty, and kicked to death in prison. The confused little girl felt responsible for his death and withdrew into herself. â€Å"I was mute for five years, I wasn’t cute and didn’t speak. I thought he was killed because I spoke his name that was the only logic I was able to employ. So I thought if I spoke, anybody might die.† In frustration, her mother sent her back to Stamps. Her emotional withdrawal caused many to think of her as backward, but her grandmother did not give up on her. â€Å"My grandmother told me all the time, ‘Sister, Mama don’t care what these people say about you being a moron, being a idiot. Mama don’t care. Mama know, Sister, when you and the good Lord get ready, you’re gonna be a preacher.'† Angelou was also helped by a woman named Bertha Flowers, who i ntroduced her to literature. By the time of her graduation from eighth grade, she was at the head of her class. While attending high school, she took drama and dance lessons. She then decided that she wanted to be a streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Although San Francisco had never had a Black conductor and was not eager to hire one, she persisted and, with her mother’s support managed to attain her goal. At sixteen Angelou gave birth to her son, Guy. She did not plan her  pregnancy but has always been grateful that it happened. â€Å"The greatest gift I’ve ever had was the birth of my son. Because when he was small, I knew more than he did, I expected to be his teacher. So because of him, I educated myself. He began to ask questions I didn’t have the answers to, so I started my lifelong love affair with libraries . . . I’ve learned an awful lot because of him. â€Å" Still, her life at this time was not easy. In addition to teaching her son, she also had to support him. She was a cook and a nightclub waitress and, for a short time, â€Å"madam† for two lesbian prostitutes. She began doing drugs but then quit after seeing what they had done to her brother. When she was twenty-two, Angelou married Tosh Angelos, a white former sailor. Two years later she left him and became a professional dancer. She then moved to New York to pursue a career and study with Pearl Primus. In 1954, she was cast in a production of Porgy and Bess that toured Europe and Africa. When she came back to the United States, in 1960-61, she was northern coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1961 she also appeared in an acclaimed off-Broadway production of the Blacks, by Jean Genet. The show was highly successful and ran until 1964. By this time, Angelou was writing poetry, short stories, and songs. Her reputation was growing. In 1970, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published. It became a best seller and an instant classic, and became a made-for-television movie. In 1971, her screenplay Georgia, was made into a film, making her the first Black woman to have an original screenplay produced. The four other volumes of her autobiography are, Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin’ and Swingin’ and Gettin’ Merry Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a woman (1981), and All God’s Children Need Travelin Shoes (1986). She also published several volumes of poetry and has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for one of the, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘fore I Diiie (1971). In 1973, Angelou appeared on Broadway in Look Away and was nominated for a Tony Award. In 1977 she received an Emmy nomination for her performance in the mini series Roots. She was appointed to the Bicentennial Commission by President Gerald Ford and to the Commission of International Women’s Year by President Jimmy Carter. For many  Americans, one of the most memorable moments during the inauguration of President Bill Clinton, on January 20, 1993, came when Maya Angelou recited the poem, â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† not since 1961, when Robert Frost read his work at the ceremony for president John F. Kennedy, had a poet taken part in a presidential inauguration. Dr. Angelou is best known for the first volume of her autobiography, in it, she bravely speaks of her battle to overcome abuse, rape, and poverty. For thousands of young Black women reading the book, it is a way of passage for those who have been similarly victimized, it is like a soothing ointment that helps heal the wounds. Angelou gives a voice to the voiceless; she says, â€Å"You’re not alone. In happened to me too. You are not to blame. You will survive.† The Humanistic approach can be applied to Dr. Maya Angelou’s biography in a number of ways. In order to do so, I attempted to take each piece by piece to gain a clear understanding of both. Beginning with the four elements of the approach: it is obvious that she accepts personality responsibility for her life, and doesn’t blame anyone else for anything bad that may have happened to her. She hasn’t allowed anyone else to make her decisions. Her need for personal growth doesn’t seem like it has been met due to the fact that she continues to work and strive for more. I would consider Dr. Angelou to be a fully functioning person because she trusts her own feelings, and experiences them very deeply. It is easy to tell that she really cares about other people and is a true humanist (motivation by growth need). When looking at Manslow’s hierarchy of needs, it is obvious that her physiological needs have been met, simply because, she is still alive. Since her life as a child was very chaotic and her future was unpredictable, her safety needs were not met at that time. Statements such as â€Å"All my life, everything has been about survival. All of my words are meant to say. ‘You may encounter many defeats but you must not be defeated. In fact the encounter may be the very experience which created the vitality and the power to endure, â€Å"‘ lead me to believe the she has, however, managed to find a way to stabilize her life and have those needs met. â€Å"What I would like said about me is that I dared to love.† She said to Essence Magazine. â€Å"By love I mean the condition in the human spirit so profound it encourages us to develop courage and build bridges and learn to trust those bridges and cross the bridges in attempt to reach other human beings.† This shows that her belongingness and love needs have been met because she knows that they are important and has allowed them to be. I believe that the kind of love adopted by Angelou is B-love because she is really concerned with the well-being and growth of others. I could tell that her self-esteem needs have also been met because if they weren’t, she wouldn’t be as successful as she is. One statement in the book that really stood out to me about self-actualization was made by Manslow†: An artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. He must be true to his own nature.† I feel that although Angelou is doing something that makes her happy, and that she loves, her self actualization needs have not been met because she continues to do more. I personally believe that if these needs are met, then people lose their motivation and drive to live, because there is nothing to achieve, no goals to reach, which results in nothing to look forward to anymore. Maya Angelou is a psychologically healthy person because she does posses self-actualizing creativity, which is shown in her writing, she accepts herself, and expresses herself freely. I think her life seems to be full of optimal experiences, one of which is writing. She has stated that she â€Å"can write for eighteen hours straight in complete solitude and not notice it.† She also seems to have no problem with disclosure, which is obvious because she is a writer. She continuously puts her feelings and emotions on display. She discloses events that are traumatic as well as those that are not, which seems to be good for her self-development because it is a great release. I’m not really sure if Dr. Angelou has experienced loneliness, but it is possible because everyone has felt that way at one time or another. â€Å"One would say of my life-born loser-had to be: from a broken family, raped at eight, unwed mother at sixteen . . . in fact but that’s not the truth. In the Black community, however bad it looks, there’s a lot of love and much  humor.† This statement shows that there are many ways in which race, and sex have affected Angelou’s life because she would not have gone through a lot of the experiences that she has if she simply were not a Black woman. â€Å"You’re going to be famous,† Billie Holiday told Maya Angelou in 1958, â€Å"but it won’t be for singing.† The first part of this prophecy was fulfilled. The second part, in the most superficial sense, was true as well. Angelou’s fame did not grow from the nightclub singing she was then doing to support herself and her son. But in a way Holiday was wrong. Since she first put paper to pen, Maya Angelou has been singing. In closing, by taking all of the aspects of the Humanistic approach into consideration, I believe that it does, give a few possible explanations about Dr. Angelou’s personality when directed to the little information that is given about her in her biography. By writing this paper I feel that I have gained a deeper insight on how to appreciate and apply this approach to the life and personality of anyone. I understand how this approach can apply to many people that I come into contact every day and possibly explain why they behave in the manners that they do. If they are writers and all that they put forth are sad pieces, if they are singers and mostly talk about sex. Whatever the case may be, there is a reason behind the things that people do. The humanistic approach can apply to all areas of life with no exclusions based on race, class, or gender.

Essay about Homophobic, I Think Not - 736 Words

We all know who Eminem is whether it be because we listen to his music or because of the huge controversy that seems to fallow his next billboard hit. Ever sense the release of his first album The Slim Shady LP in 1999 or the more predominate album under fire The Marshall Mathers LP released in 2000, and Encore in 2005 Eminem has been fighting off critics and gay and lesbian right activists because of his lyrical content. People say that he is a homophobic gay basher with no respect for women. Encore is another brilliant work from eninem but the album that started the most controversy was The Marshall Mather LP. Eminem gave his foes plenty of ammunition. In Criminal, he declared: My words are like a dagger with a jagged†¦show more content†¦A lot of my sh*t was so blatantly comic, how could you take it seriously? With The Marshall Mathers LP I brought it to a different level: If this is how you perceive me, then this is what Im gonna be. (VH1) Also coming with the release of The Marshall Mathers LP in 2000, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation labeled his lyrics offensive and launched a furious campaign against Interscope Records. There is no question that he has benefited from the fierce debate over the gay content of his lyrics. If you want a good estement of how much it helped him count every picket sign, T.V. show bad mouthing him, and parent telling their kid they cant listen to him; now multiply it by 10,000 because that how many more albums they just sold for him. I could understand if I just said all those things and just left it at that, but I was using irony and keeping my tongue in my cheek. Anybody with half a brain should be able to listen to it and understand that Im pushing your buttons. (vh1) The biggest blow to critics and protesters came at the 2005 Grammies. Where Eminem performed his moving duet with Elton John; and the movie 8 Mile which his character heroically confronts a gay basher. In 2005 Elton John wrote Eminem has the balls to say what he feels and to make offensive things funny. Thats very necessary today in America, with people being muzzled and irony becoming a lost art. Artists like Eminem who use their free speech to get a point across areShow MoreRelatedThe Medi Good Or Bad?947 Words   |  4 Pagesfight racism and homophobia, racist homophobic bigots like Phil Robertson from â€Å"Duck Dynasty† should get more media exposure; his exact words are â€Å"[Duck Dynasty] should show Robertson being as homophobic as he pleases, in his home, his church, his community.† (Kim 2) His opinion is that people should see â€Å"the whole picture – homophobia included† in order to fully understand that people still believe as Robertson does, and hence fight racism and homophobia. 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