Brain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries - 1953 Words

Phineas Gage, a 25 year old construction worker is known as one of the most famous patients that suffered from a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuries are increasing every year. Even though the brain is very functional, brain injuries can have many physical, emotional, social, and†¦show more content†¦Some mild cases may even go unnoticed (Parker 20). Severe cases may include: loss of consciousness for minutes/hours, minimum coordination, slurred speech, seizures, dilation in the eyes, and unusual behavior. These cases m ay potentially be long-term or even forever (Bellamy 30). The effects of a TBI all depends on where the head is injured. The patient may have one to very many different areas of difficulties (Brain Structures and Their Functions). Injuries on the left side of the brain can impact the receptive/expressive language, verbal memory deficits, reactions, logic, and the control of the right side of the body movements (Carter 34). Injuries on the right side of the brain can affect visual memory deficits, music perception, creativity, and the control of the left side of the body movements. About 85 percent of people with TBI, those problems get better, but the other 15 percent have problems that last forever (Cicala 224). Long-term consequences have many different effects. There are four categories that a person with long-term effects may suffer: alteration of consciousness, cognitive difficulties, physical difficulties, and emotional/behavioral difficulties (Bellamy 30). They may have problems thinking, learning, talking, walking, and remembering for the rest of their lives. Any person that has had a brain injury is at risk ofShow MoreRelatedA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesparindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures andRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6528 Words   |  27 Pages parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An enhanced knowledge of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is required to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014})Read MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesparindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures andRead MoreA Case Study : Traumatic Brain Injury2029 Words   |  9 Pages A Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury Jennifer Buechler University of San Diego Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when there is a sudden, direct injury to the head. This type of wound can result from a bump, blow, or jolt to the cranium. It may even result from the penetration of a foreign object into the brain tissue. Most TBI’s result from car accidents, sports injuries, blunt trauma, unintentional injuries and falls, with falls accountingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Concussion1312 Words   |  6 Pageslong-term brain damage and cognitive impairment later in life. A concussion is a subset of a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and results from shaking the brain within the skull. 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DevelopingRead MoreThe Effect Of Calcium On The Contribution Of Calcium Uptake Of The Vesicular Glutamate Released Into The Extracellular Space855 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals with traumatic brain injuries had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic brain injury. The second part of the study examined the importance of excitatory amino acid transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. To accomplishRead MoreConcussions On Sports : Concussions995 Words   |  4 Pageshousehold, they can’t be blamed, solely, for the incident. It seems that there might be another mental factor at play. A concussion is a type of mild to moderate brain injury caused by sudden hit to the head. This sudden blow can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull which damages brain cells and causes chemical changes in the brain. Some symptoms of a concussion include â€Å"blurred or double vision, seeing stars, sensitivity to light or noise, headache, dizziness or balance problems, nauseaRead MoreThe Treatment and Diagnosing of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Statement: Our veterans deserve for the procedures implicated in the treatment of all mild head injuries to have detailed diagnostic testing, in-depth evaluations, and follow up so there are not adverse future effects. I. The treatments of our veterans should be complete and timely. A. The procedures in treatment of mild head injuries need to be detailed. B. Rapid objective methods in diagnosing, evaluating, and follow up are imperative. II. Procedures may be implicatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Football On The Football1185 Words   |  5 Pagesfound in the 96 percent of NFL players that they’ve examined  and in 79 percent of all football players. The disease is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE); it’s been widely believed to have formed from repetitive trauma (hits) to the head. This can lead to conditions such as memory loss, depression and dementia (Breslow). Moreover, recent studies have shown that the brain undergoes major trauma and stress as the high contact sport keeps the players in constant collision with each other. As young

Implementing Health Care Reform For A State With High...

California rose to the challenge of implementing health care reform in a state with high needs and limited funds by expanding its Medicaid program (Medi-Cal) and establishing its own marketplace (Covered California). As a result, by June 2014 California s uninsured rate had dropped from 22% to 11%. However, thoughtful examination of the rollout process reveals avoidable bumps in the road that, if corrected, could , have provided a better enrollment experience and thus better access to coverage for our most vulnerable populations. In order to assess California s success in widening the doorway to Medicaid coverage this report reviews policy decisions that shaped efforts in reaching out to, enrolling, and retaining eligible low-income†¦show more content†¦Those successes and barriers identified by at least three of the six participating organizations were selected as key successes and barriers. Outreach: Key informants identified the outreach and education work of community-based organizations as an area of success in California’s efforts to usher eligible consumers to the Medi-Cal doorway. The outreach barriers identified included investments in funding outreach work, DHCS and Covered California communication with consumers, and the limited availability of enrollment data throughout during the first year of the expansion. Enrollment: Medi-Cal enrollment figures far surpassed the 1.2 million predictions. By October 30, 2014 2.7 million new residents were enrolled in Medi-Cal. Key informants unanimously identified this as a success and identified several enrollment policies and the in-person assistance doorway as important contributors to that outcome. Barriers included the availability of data, DHCS and Covered California communication with consumers, technology challenges, policy and protocol adherence, and staff training across service channels. 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Music and Its Effects on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults Free Essays

Jorja M. Rea Professor Andre Yang English 1A 25 November 2012 Music and its effects on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults Picture this: A young man is arrested for murder, twisting and cursing at the police as his mother watches from the sidewalk. It is light enough out that you can see, not far from him, lays the body of a young women. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Its Effects on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now She was his girlfriend, whom he had beaten to death. This young man is just one of many young adults that are being arrested for committing vicious crimes in our society. Barongan and Nagayama Hall (1995) examined the effects of cognitive distortions in men had towards women. The men in this study viewed women in a sexually aggressive way. The men’s behavior was observed in a laboratory setting. Twenty-seven men listened to misogynous rap music and 27 men listened to neutral rap music. Participants then viewed neutral, sexually-violent, and assaultive film vignettes and chose the vignette that they found appealing. The results showed that â€Å"participants who viewed the sexual-violent stimuli indeed felt sexually violent towards women, even having thoughts of raping and abusing women†. That young man will spend the next 3 years of his teenage life in a jovial facility and then be relocated to prison once he turns 18. What happened that caused a young man with a 3. 0 GPA to go from good to bad? According to Ortiz (2004) it all has to do with the human brain. The human brain has been called the most complex mass in the known universe. This is a well-deserved reputation, for this organ contains billions of connections called neurons. Among its parts and governs countless actions, involuntary and voluntary, physical, mental and emotional. The largest part of the brain is the frontal lobe. A small area of the frontal lobe located behind the forehead, called the prefrontal cortex, controls the brain’s most advanced functions. This part often referred to as the â€Å"CEO† of the body, providing humans with advanced cognition. It allows us to prioritize thoughts, imagine, think in the abstract, anticipate consequences, plan, and control impulses. Along with everything else in the body, the brain changes significantly during adolescence. In the last five years, scientists, using new technologies, such as an MRI, have discovered that adolescent brain is far less developed han previously believed. Doctors of Harvard Medical School have studied the relation between these new findings and teen behavior and concluded that adolescents often rely on emotional parts of the brain, the Amygdala, rather than the frontal lobe, â€Å"one of the things that teenagers seem to do is to respond more strongly with gut response than they do with evaluating the consequences of what they’re doing. † Since this young man, and many countless others in his position, lacks a complete prefrontal cortex they are forced to use the Amygdala. Fight or Flight is all it tells us to do. Thus, without any clear knowledge these young people are forced to find role models who the feel â€Å"get them†. They turn to music for its lyrics and beat and this is where the trouble begins. Mahiri and Conner (2003) tested whether or not it is true that our African-American youth is more violent than other nationalities and why. Is it the rap music that they may listen to? The researchers assessed the perspective on violence of 41 middle school students attending a unique school in a low-income section of a large northern California city. The researchers probed ways that these students interpreted or reflected upon rap music and hip-hop culture, particularly its representation of violence, crime, and sex. A brief questionnaire was handed out to each of these participants, which consisted of scenario questions (what would you do if†¦). Based on the responses to the questions researchers were able to come to the conclusion that these particular students were â€Å"unfortunately looking up to these negative role models†. The constant talk of female assault, sex, and violence was being imbedded into these children’s minds†. And it doesn’t end there. Many other researchers have examined the effects of how musical genres have increased tendencies towards violet behaviors in teenagers and young adults. These studies have helped to uncover whether or not violent and aggressive music and music lyrics have had in fact, increased the rate of individuals that lash out in a violent, aggressive manne r. Although none of the researchers in this paper considered the lack of the prefrontal cortex as a results as to why these young adults are so effects by the images they see or the music they listen to, they did however find something else altogether; these studies were done to inform society on how music is affecting people’s moods. For example: Anderson et al. (2003) studied whether or not media violence influences youth. They randomly assigned youths to watch either a short violent or a short nonviolent music video and then observed how they interacted with other people after viewing the music video. After each participant watched the music video for approximately 15 minutes, both physical and verbal aggression towards others was assessed using a 10-point scale: with 1 showing nonviolent behaviors and 10 showing a lot of violent behaviors. A correlational analysis was used to see if there was a relationship between a participant watching the violent music video and acting violent, or watching the nonviolent music video and not acting violent. â€Å"The results showed that exposure to media violence had a statistically significant association with aggression and violence among youth†. This research clearly demonstrates that exposure to media violence heightens the chances that a youth will behave aggressively and have aggressive thoughts in the short run. Arlin (1996) examined the â€Å"influence of exposure to violent rock videos on participants’ appraisals of their own aggressiveness†. Participants were preselected based on their scores on a measure of locus of control. After completing a measure of Buss and Durkee’s Hostility Inventory, they were randomly assigned to view either a view or nonviolent music video. After viewing the video, participants once again completed the Hostility Inventory. The results revealed a main effect of locus of control, such that individuals with an external locus of control showed lower self-reported aggressiveness after viewing a music video than individuals with an internal locus of control. Johnson, Jackson and Gatto (1995) studied whether exposure to rap music could cause violent attitudes and delayed academic performance. Forty-six African-American males (ages 11 to 16 years) from an inner city boys club in Wilmington, North Carolina were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were randomly exposed to violent rap music videos, nonviolent rap music videos, or no music videos. They read two vignettes involving: (a) a violent act perpetrated against a man and a woman and (b) a young man who chose to engage in academic pursuits to achieve success, whereas his friend, who was unemployed, â€Å"mysteriously† obtained extravagant items (i. e. , a nice car, nice clothes). The results showed that participants who saw the violent rap music videos reported greater acceptance of violence. In addition, â€Å"participants who saw the violent rap videos reported higher probability of committing similar acts of violence and greater acceptance of the use of violence against women†. St. Lawrence and Joyner (1991) examined the effects of sexually violent rock videos on males’ acceptance or violence against women. The experimental manipulation involved exposure to sexually violent heavy-metal rock music, Christian heavy-metal rock music, or easy listening classical music. One month prior to the experimental manipulation, participants were administered several attitudinal scales about religious orientation, sex roles, rape myths, and interpersonal violence. The results indicated that â€Å"males without a religious background were more accepting of sexist and rape-supportive beliefs†. The researchers also came across an unexpected finding which was greater self-reported sexual arousal in response to classical music. Kalof (1999) examined the effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. A group of 44 U. S. college students were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups that viewed either a video portraying stereotyped sexual imagery or a video that excluded all sexual images. A two-way scale revealed that exposure to traditional sexual imagery had a significant main effect on attitudes about adversarial sexual relationships. There seems to be some confirmation of a relation between sex and exposure to conventional sexual imagery on the acceptance of interpersonal violence. † Viemero and Paajanen (1992) examined whether or not viewing violent television actually does increase the aggressive behavior of those who viewed it. There were 391 eight-year old and ten-year old children participating in this study. â€Å"These children were tested on their aggression, their fear fantasies, and their dream and fantasies about these shows†. Two measurements of aggression were made: peer-nominated aggression and self-related aggression. TV viewing habits were measured by the amount of TV viewed during the week. Violence was depicted by how regularly violent TV shows were watched. They found that there was significant positive correlation for boys between TV viewing variables and aggression. There was also a significant positive correlation between the amount of TV and televised violence viewing and fear and aggressive fantasies about actual shows that were seen by the children. â€Å"These children seem to have been strongly impacted by the violence seen on television shows they were watching, and then acting in a more aggressive way after watching the violence†. Now that the It seems very obvious that there is a significant relationship between listening to violent music and watching aggressive/violent music videos and one getting into more fights, using inappropriate language, inappropriate gestures, and a tendency to think less of women. All of these researchers identified in this paper studied this exact relationship and found significant results. It is apparent that there is indeed a direct correlation between violent music and people’s aggressive behaviors. An operational definition of violent behavior is physically and verbally hurrying others, cursing, stealing, inappropriate gestures and negative views of women. Whether it is the lyrics, the beat, or watching the entertainers act violently, people in general who are viewing these music videos are behaving in an inappropriate and destructive way. Listening to violent music has an effect on aggression. This information is useful for parents of young children who are growing up watching these music videos. The studies completed by the researches mentioned in this paper reveal a serious problem. Our society as a whole should consider this a severe problem, especially with all of the school bombings, the high rates of angry- gang affiliated- weapon carrying young people, and the millions of dollars being spent on this violent and degrading (mostly to women) kind of music. When angry, violent, aggressive, vulgar videos were shown, participants portrayed a massive amount of hostility; their moods were changing as the video continued as did their behavior. They also answered the scenario questions with the most violent answer chose available. The participants who viewed nonviolent videos showed amazingly different answers to the questions, the majority of them answering the questions with the nonviolent or calmer answer choses. This clearly shows evidence that allowing teenagers and young adults to watch violent music videos (like Eminem or DMX) has and will have a strong effect on violent tendencies like beating a women to death. It can also be said that the reason the results were significant in the violent groups is because of the extreme difference between the two videos. The violent videos were extremely violent showing fighting, carjacking, yelling, cursing, and hitting women. Meanwhile, the nonviolent groups watched music videos that showed people dancing on the beach and having fun. The extreme differences between the two types of videos could be the reason for the significant results obtained by the researchers. It may be wise in the future research to use videos that are not so tremendously different. Bibliography Anderson, C. A, Berkowits, L. , Donnerstein, M. , Edward, K. , Huesmann, L. , Rowell, J. , Johnson, J. , Linz, D. , Malamuth, N. , Wartella, H. 2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81- 110. Arlin, B. , (1996). The influence of locus of control and aggressiveness of rock music on aggression. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 491- 498. Barongan, C. , Nagayama Hall, G. C. (1995). The influence of misogynous rap music on sexual aggression against women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 195-207. Mahiri, J. , Conner, E. Black youth violence has a bad rap. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 121-140. Johnson, J. D, Jackson, L. A. , Gatto, L (1995). Violent attitudes and different academic aspirations: Deleterious effects of exposure to rap music. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16 (1-2), 27-41. Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 378- 385. St. Lawrence, J. S. , Joyner, D. J.. (1991). The effect of sexually violent rock music on males’ acceptance of violence against women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 49-63. Viemero, V. , Paajanen, S. (1992). The role of fantasies and dreams in the TV viewing-aggression relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 109-116. How to cite Music and Its Effects on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults, Papers

Computers And Automation Essay Example For Students

Computers And Automation Essay What is a computer? A Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set ofinstructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performingcalculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms ofinformation. Thesis Statement:- The modern world of high technology could nothave come about except for the development of the computer. Different types andsizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling ofdata, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to privatehousehold accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing throughthe techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communicationsystems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and appliedtechnology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrowsweather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety ofinformation sources. The same advanced techniques also make possible invasionsof privacy and of restricted information sources, but computer crime has becomeone of the many risks that society must face if it would enjoy the benefits ofmodern technology. Imagine a world without computers. That would mean no propermeans of communicating, no Internet, no video games. Life would be extremelydifficult. Adults would have to store all their office work paper and thereforetake up an entire room. Teenagers would have to submit course-works and projectshand-written. All graphs and diagrams would have to be drawn neatly andcarefully. Youngsters would never have heard of video-games and will have tospend their free time either reading or playing outside with friends. But thanksto British mathematicians, Augusta Ada Byron and Charles Babbage, our lives aremade a lot easier. Later, on my investigation about the growth of comp uters overthe decades, I will be talking about types of computers, how and when computerswere first being developed, the progress it made, computers at present and plansfor the future. In types of computers, I will be talking about analogue anddigital computers and how they function. In the development of computers, I willbe mentioning about the very first electronic calculator and computer. Underprogress made, I will only be mentioning about circuits. For computers of thepresent, I will be talking about networking, telecommunications and games. Andfinally, as for planning for the future, I will mention about new and recentideas, research and development of new computers heard and talked about innewspapers and on television. I. MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTERS There are two maintypes of computers which are in use today, analog and digital computers,although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type. Analogcomputers exploit the mathematical similarity between physicalinter relationships in certain problems, and employ electronic or hydrauliccircuits to simulate the physical problem. Digital computers solve problems byperforming sums and by dealing with each number digit by digit. Hybrid computersare those which contain elements of both analog and digital computers. They areusually used for problems in which large numbers of complex equations, known astime integrals, are to be computed. Data in analog form can also be fed into adigital computer by means of an analog- to-digital converter, and the same istrue of the reverse situation. a) What are analog computers and how do theywork? The analog computer is an electronic or hydraulic device that is designedto handle input in terms of, for example, voltage levels or hydraulic pressures,rather than numerical data. The simplest analog calculating device is the sliderule, which employs lengths of specially calibrated scales to facilitatemultiplication, division, and other functions. In a typical electronic a nalogcomputer, the inputs are converted into voltages that may be added or multipliedusing specially designed circuit elements. The answers are continuouslygenerated for display or for conversion to another desired form. b) What aredigital computers and how do they work? Everything that a digital computer doesis based on one operation: the ability to determine if a switch, orgate, is open or closed. That is, the computer can recognise onlytwo states in any of its microscopic circuits: on or off, high voltage or lowvoltage, or-in the case of numbers-0 or 1. The speed at which the computerperforms this simple act, however, is what makes it a marvel of moderntechnology. Computer speeds are measured in megahertz, or millions of cycles persecond. A computer with a clock speed of 10 MHz-a fairlyrepresentative speed for a microcomputer-is capable of executing 10 milliondiscrete operations each second. Business microcomputers can perform 15 to 40million operations per second, and supercompu ters used in research and defenceapplications attain speeds of billions of cycles per second. Digital computerspeed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handledduring each cycle. If a computer checks only one switch at a time, that switchcan represent only two commands or numbers; thus ON would symbolise oneoperation or number, and OFF would symbolise another. By checking groups ofswitches linked as a unit, however, the computer increases the number ofoperations it can recognise at each cycle. For example, a computer that checkstwo switches at one time can represent four numbers (0 to 3) or can execute oneof four instructions at each cycle, one for each of the following switchpatterns: OFF-OFF (0); OFF-ON (1); ON-OFF (2); or ON-ON (3). II. WHERE IT ALLBEGAN a) The Mother of all Calculators The first adding machine, a precursor ofthe digital computer, was devised in 1642 by the French philosopher BlaisePascal. This device employed a series of ten-toothed w heels, each toothrepresenting a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numberscould be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number ofteeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelmvon Leibniz improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply. Leslie twiggy Hornby EssayThe pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary data-in this case, thedecimal number 210 (see NUMBER SYSTEMS)-or it might tell the computer to comparedata stored in its switches to data stored in a certain memory-chip location. The development of processors that can handle 16, 32, and 64 bits of data at atime has increased the speed of computers. The complete collection ofrecognizable patterns-the total list of operations-of which a computer iscapable is called its instruction set. Both factors-number of bits at a time,and size of instruction sets-continue to increase with the ongoing developmentof modern digital computers. IV. COMPUTERS OF THE 90S a) Computer NetworksMajor changes in the use of computers have developed since it was firstinvented. Computers have expanded, via telephone lines, into vast nation-wide,or world-wide, networks. At each extremity of the network is a terminal device,or even a large computer, which can send jobs over the wire to the centralcomputer at the hub of the network. The central computer performs thecomputation or data processing and sends the results over the wire to anyterminal in the network for printing. Some computer networks provide a servicecalled time sharing. This i s a technique in which software shifts the computerfrom one task to the another with such timing that it appears to each user at aterminal that he has exclusive use of the computer. b) TelecommunicationsCertain telecommunication methods have become standard in the telecommunicationsindustry as a whole, because if two devices use different standards they areunable to communicate properly. Standards are developed in two ways: (1) themethod is so widely used that it comes to dominate; (2) the method is publishedby a standard-setting organisation. The most important organisation in thisrespect is the International Telecommunication Union, a specialised agency ofthe United Nations, and one of its operational entities, the InternationalTelegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT). Other organizations inthe area of standards are the American National Standards Institute, theInstitute of Electrical Engineers, and the Electronic Industries Association. One of the goals of these organizations is the full realisation of theIntegrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), which is projected to be capable oftransmitting through a variety of media and at very high speeds both voice andnon-voice data around the world in digital form. Other developments in theindustry are aimed at increasing the speed at which data can be transmitted. Improvements are being made continually in modems and in the communicationsnetworks. Some public data networks support transmission of 56,000 bits persecond (bps), and modems for home use are capable of as much as 56kbps. c) PCGames and Video CDs CDs have developed a lot over the past decade. At first,they were used only for music. Now, there are CDs from which we can play PCgames and watch movies. The games at present are usually 3D. This means that thegame seems almost life-like or virtual. One can spend hours playing a games onCD because they are addictive. This is one of the main disadvantage of computergames, because the person prevents themselves from doing anything educational orengaging themselves in any physical activities. Another common disadvantage isthat playing too much on the computer can cause bad eye-sight. But there are afew educational games for young children to help them learn and understandthings better. Games may not be all that good for an individual, but if s een howthey are programmed one will realise that it is not all easy to program a game. A few years ago, if one was bored, they would usually go to a video shop andrent a movie. Now one can rent Movie CDs and play them on the computer andspecial Movie CD players which are also installed in some new Hi-Fi Systems.

Mkt360 Exam 2 Review Essay Example

Mkt360 Exam 2 Review Essay Review Fall 2011 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Chapter 5 1. Does cultural adaptation require that businesspeople give up their customs when working overseas? Depends 2. What are Cultural Imperatives? Cultural Electives? Cultural Exclusives? Imperatives: social relations, etc. Electives: optional customs Exclusives: customs only for locals, you do not participate. 3. What is Edward T. Hall’s theory of cultural context and linguistic communication? There are non verbal accents of communication that need to be paid attention to. 4. How does communication differ in high context from low context cultures? Low context information is explicit, with words carrying the entirety of the message and written formal specifications. Awards are competency based. IN a high context information is implicit, including non verbal cues. Awards are trust/recommendation based. 5. What are Edward T. Hall’s silent languages? What is m-time? What is p-time? The silent languages are of time, space, things, friendship and agreements. M-time (Monochronic) – divide time into small units and are concerned with promptness. Concentrate on singular tasks at a time. Low context P-Time (Polychronic) – simultaneous occurrence of many things. High context 6. What is the difference between bribery and extortion? Bribery is when the payment is offered voluntarily to an official to gain unlawful advantage, while extortion is when an official extracts payment from a person under duress for something which they are lawfully entitled to. 7. What is the difference between lubrication and subornation? Lubrication deals with small sums of money, given to low-ranking officials (which is not prohibited in some countries) while subornation deals with large sums of money given to officials (higher rank) in order to commit illegal acts. . What does the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) forbid and what does it allow? Forbids US companies from engaging in bribery of any kind in foreign countries, however it does allow lubrication. 9. What is the position of the FCPA on the use of agent’s fees to facilitate bribery? The use of agent’s fees as intermediaries to pay bribes is prohibited. Chapter 6 – The Politic al Environment 1. What is sovereignty? Under what conditions do nations give up part of their sovereignty? The power that a nation has to govern its people and territory without interference from the outside. . What is extraterritoriality? Name 2 U. S. laws that are extraterritorial. When a nation makes its laws to apply outside of a territory. Ex. Sherman Antitrust Act, IRS Tax Laws, Helms-Burton Act, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. 3. What is the main political condition Multi-National Corporations (MNC’s) want when working overseas? Predictability and stability of government policies. 4. What is Confiscation? Expropriation? Domestication? Confiscation: Taking away; no payment. Expropriation: Take over the property but some reimbursement. We will write a custom essay sample on Mkt360 Exam 2 Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mkt360 Exam 2 Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mkt360 Exam 2 Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Domestication: transfer to national control. 5. When do countries use exchange controls and how are they applied? When a nation faces shortages of foreign exchange and/or substantial amount of capital is leaving the country. Multiple rates levied over all movements of capital to regulate trade in specific commodities and block repatriation of profits. 6. What is a local-content law? A certain percentage of the imported product must contain locally made parts. 7. What is an import license and when do countries require them? Permission to import a product. Required when trying to force foreign industry to purchase more supplies within the host country and thereby create markets for local industry. 8. When do countries use price controls and how are they applied? Done to control inflation. Applied as a limitation on the maximum price you can charge on a product. 9. What types of products are more at risk politically in a foreign country? Those which are â€Å"politically sensitive† or perceived to effect environment, exchange rates, security, welfare and health are subject to more debate. 10. What are some of the strategies that you can follow to lessen political risk overseas? -Joint VenturesInvestment Base Expansion Control of Marketing and DistributionLicensing Planned Domestication*Political Payoffs 11. What agencies provide political-risk insurance to U. S. companies working overseas? 1- Foreign Credit Insurance Association: insures against nonpayment risk caused by financial, economic or political uncertainties. 2-Agency fo r International Development: limited protection on certain projects and products. 3-Overseas Private Investment Corporation: provides risk insurance for companies investing in less developed countries. Chapter 7 – The International Legal Environment 1. What are the differences between the patent laws of the US and Japan? In the US patent protection is to protect the inventor, filing is secret, quick and provides long period of protection; Japan patents benefit society, public filing, long process with short time of protection. 2. What kind of product pricing strategy was Wal-Mart not allowed to use in Germany? They could not use their Loss-leader pricing because pricing certain products below cost was determined as dumping. 3. What is the law on many European countries on the use of comparative advertising? When a business says a product is better than their competitors. It is not allowed. 4. What is the basis for Common Law? In what countries is it presently used? Basis is tradition, past practices, legal precedents set by courts. Through interpretation of statutes, legal legislation and past rulings. US, England, Canada, English influenced countries. 5. How is ownership of intellectual property determined in Common Law? Ownership is determined by first to use. 6. What is the basis for Code Law? In what countries is it presently used? Comprehensive system of written rules or codes. Divide into 3 separate codes for various situations: Comercial/Code/Criminal. Found in majority of countries (70) 7. How is ownership of intellectual property determined in Code Law? Ownership is determined by first to register. 8. What is the basis of Islamic Law? In what countries is it presently used? Based on interpretation of the Quran and the teaching of Muhammad. Religious duties, obligations, secular aspect, social behavior, economic behavior. Found in 27 Islamic countries. 9. What is the basis for Socialist Law? Law is subordinate to economic conditions. 10. What is International Law? There is no â€Å"international† law; The rules and principles that states and nations consider binding unto themselves. 11. How is International Law created? Collection of treaties, conventions, and agreements between nations that have, more or less, the force of law. 12. What is the ISO and why do its standards have the effect of International Law? International Organization for Standardization. ISO9000 quality management. ISO14000 concerned with environment management. 13. What kind of standard is the ISO developing for the WTO and why is it needed? 14. What is the difference between a Patent, a Trademark, and a Copyright? Patent: a government grant of certain rights given to an inventor for a limited time in exchange for the disclosure of the invention. Trademark: that portion of a brand that is given legal protection-cannot be copied. Copyright: protects the writings of an author against copying. 15. What is the international Patent Protection System that covers the most countries? Protects inventions and prevents sale by others; simplify application procedures. 16. What Patent protection does the Paris Union give? 1 year protection to register in other member countries (US + 100 countries) 17. What Trademark protection does the Paris Union give? 6 months protection to register in other member countries. 18. What does the Berne Convention of 1886 protect? Protects literary and artistic works of authors. What is the minimum copyright protection it provides? Life +50 years however members may choose to provide longer. What is the length of copyright protection in the EU? In the USA? In the EU life +70 years. In the US Life+70 years for individual works. Life +75-95 years for corporate authorship. 19. What is the WTO agreement on TRIPs? What 2 intellectual property protection systems does it combine? Trade Regulated Intellectual Property Rights. Covers copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, industrial designs, geographical indicia, and integrated circuit layouts. Includes intellectual property pertection of Berne Convention Paris Union. 20. What is a â€Å"geographical indicia† and why is it important to marketers? The indication of a geographical origin of a product i. e. Champagne. Important because it is a part of the brand. 21. What does the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibit? Prohibits bribery of any foreign official or person who will influence an official or party. 22. How does the Omnibus Trade Reconciliation Act modify the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act? What 2 affirmative defenses does it allow? Modifies to allow payment to expedite â€Å"routine governmental action† 2 defenses are the payment was lawful under the law of the foreign officials country and the payment was a reasonable expenditure directly related to the promotion of products or services. 23. How does the Sherman Act affect mergers or acquisitions in foreign countries? Prohibits monopolies or attempts to monopolize the activities of US companies overseas through mergers or acquisitions that would lessen competition back in the USA. 4. What law is an exception to the Sherman Act by allowing competing firms to collaborate in export activities? Webb Pomerane law. 25. What is jurisdiction in a legal dispute? What court will hear the case and have power over the parties in its decision. 26. How much power does a mediator have over the parties in a dispute being resolved by concili ation? Has the power of suggestion and nothing more. 27. How much power does an arbitrator have over the parties in a dispute being resolved by arbitration? parties agree to abide by the ruling of an arbitrator. Chapter 8 Marketing Research 1. What is the difference between a MIS and formal market research? MIS provides a continuous flow of information about company operations and environment while MR is project specific, systematic gathering of data in the search scanning mode. 2. What is the most difficult and yet the most important step in market research? 3. What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable in a market research hypothesis? Independent variables affect the dependent while the dependent variable is what we want to measure. 4. What is a focus group? What is its main function in market research? A group of eight to twelve participants who are led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular or concept. Purpose is to identify potential areas of future inquiry. 5. What kind of a sample is a focus group? What statistical conclusions can you infer from the opinions of a focus group? A focus group is a non statistical sample. Cannot make statistical conclusions. 6. After you determine the costs of doing the research, what should be your next decision? Will you collect primary or secondary data sources. 7. How does the methodology differ in international market research from domestic market research? It is the same as domestic however more complex due to greater scope. 8. How much secondary data is available overseas as compared to the U. S.? There is much less data available and for many countries there is only periodic info on essential data. 9. How reliable is overseas secondary data as compared to the U. S.? It is not always reliable and should be skeptic on. Example: official gov. est. often overstate/optimistic, tax avoidance results in false reports. 10. What are some of the issues you should take into consideration when comparing secondary data from one country with data from another country? Understand there is greater variation from one country to another in dates of studies, bases and methodology. 11. How do you use â€Å"back translation† when developing a questionnaire for foreign use? You translate the questionnaire from the foreign language back into the primary language to see if it matches your original questionnaire. 12. How do social organization and values in foreign countries affect collection of primary data? Reluctance to interviewing, gender roles, issues collecting info, need use of locals. 13. What is: Measurement error? Non-response error? Frame error? Random error? 1-People lie. 2- Refusal to cooperate or be reached. 3- Sample drawn differs from the target population. 4- Selected sample imperfect representation of overall pop. Chapter 9 – Economic Development and the Americas 1. What are the 5 stages of economic development according to Walt Rostow? The traditional society(The Pre-Conditions for Take-off(The Take-off(The Drive to Maturity(The Age of High Mass Consumption. 2. What are the characteristics of a More-Developed Country (MDC)? High per capita incomes. Of a Less-Developed Country (LDC)? Industrially developing countries just entering world trade with relatively low per capita incomes. Of a Least-Developed Country (LLDC)? Industrially underdeveloped, rural populated, extremely low per capita incomes. 3. What are some of the factors that have contributed to the growth of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)? Political stability, economic reforms, factors of production, privatization. 4. What is the role of State Owned Enterprises in the development of NICs? The place a drain on national budgets and should be privatized during economic growth. 5. What is the role of infrastructure in economic development? The quality of an infrastructure directly affects a countries economic growth potential and the ability of an enterprise to engage effectively in business. 6. How does marketing change as countries develop? The more developed an economy, the greater the variety of marketing functions demanded, and the more sophisticated and specialized the institutions become to perform marketing functions. 7. What is â€Å"economic dualism? † Having two economies in one, where there is a very wealthy class and remaining lower class. 8. What are some of the important traits of Big Emerging Markets (BEMs)? -Physically large in area and population. Have strong rates of growth -Political importance within their regions, â€Å"regional economic drivers† 9. What are some of the reasons why the world’s emerging economies did well in 2005? They were not involved in many of the high risk investments many other industrialized nations financial systems were trading in. 10. What is the pres ent economic situation of emerging markets in the Americas? High demand for commodities, low bond interest rates, and reduced spending and inflation. Social unrest, financial crises, not enough infrastructure development, high unemployment, Chinese competition.

Technological Generations of Mobile Communications

Technological Generations of Mobile Communications Introduction The distinct life of the mobile communications has taken different phases. This can be traced from the 1G to the most rest 4G. G, 2G, 3G and 4G are a wireless phone or a cellular phone standard way of classification based on generations/ cellular phone evolution. This paper is a critical comparison of all these technological generations with an aim of tracking the trend that is followed in the developments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Generations of Mobile Communications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grandpa and Grandma 1G Grandpa and Grandma 1G was the very first generation of wireless technology that originated around 1980’s. The cellular phones of this time were big in size (handbag phones) and used a high power voltage. Communication in the first generation cellular phones was enhanced by use of analog radio waves/ signals; use of radio antennas (a radio transmitter on one end and receiver on the other end. Analogue technology could only accommodate voice communication the passing of analogue signals. While this was the best technological developments at the time, it had a couple of limitations. The first generation wireless technology covered a relatively small area. Communication was only possible between parties of the same nation/within a nation’s boundary’s/ within the grounds of a particular nation (Fendelman). This first generation wireless technology supports only one way communication at a time. For instance the intended recipient has to be calm till the sender finishes talking then he/she can begin answering incase he/she speaks before then, his/her message won’t be delivered. All the above services are possible through a technology that interprets voice calls called circuit switching -Circuit switching is easily distorted by a simple physical noise thus destroying the quality of a conversation. All these limitations le ad the players in the industry to look for more advanced technology which could fill the loopholes in communication (News from Rohde and Schwarz, 2002). 2G – The second generation of the wireless digital technology 1G was later thrown out/replaced by 2G that came with greater and better technological benefits like the additional data services. At this level people could send text messages on top of the voice communication they initially had. The radio signals were digital and the conversations digitally encrypted unlike the initial analog. This therefore allowed the mobile phone services to be passed over a wider area (great service penetration levels).The wireless digital network use brings more voice clarity to the conversation being carried out.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This enhanced intercontinental communications, more privacy in communication as well as storage of communication. The messages sent through this technology could easily be referred to later. The second generation phones are however, costly compared to the first generation wireless cellular phones. Unlike the first wireless technology where communications were only possible within a nation, 2G ventures into a wide area in terms of service coverage area due to the additional roaming facility. 3G – The third wireless telephone / cellular phone generation The second generation is however overthrown by this third cellular phone evolution which uses a wide band width. This big band width in turn came with a more clear voice communication that is almost perfect (very minimal distractions and cases of eavesdropping- a situation where the signals sent are lost to the surrounding environment). Communication in this case is possible through a technology packet switching; a situation where data is addressed like the IP addressing then sent over and on reaching it s destination, its again recollects in the order sent then decoded/ interconnected to have the conversation (News from Rohde and Schwarz, 2002).. 3G wireless services are widely spread and now almost in all parts of the world. 3G has an added advantage of the global roaming facility which allows communication across the world. One can send text messages, video conference, and chat, download 3dimentional games, and talk to any one and anywhere in this world without distractions like they are having real conversation (News from Rohde and Schwarz , 2002). 3G uses a higher band width also a wide band voice channel compared to the 1G and 2G generations which greatly attributes to high voice clarity and people can talk without any disturbance or with very minimal distractions. There is an additional multimedia facility brought about by this third generation cellular phones like very fast communication (conversations and text messaging), video conferencing (hold video meetings with people in different locations), internet (surfing/browsing/online chatting), mobile television (watch television’s favorite programs on phone), video calls (like Skye), multi media messaging service (MMS) (sharing of photos and music), etc are now available on 3G phones (Arshad, Farooq, Shah, 2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Generations of Mobile Communications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 3G phones are costly compared to the first and second wireless cellular phone generation. Currently 3G is widely in use. Almost everyone is moving or has moved to 3G technology for its interesting features and high speed wireless service. Despite the numerous advantages to using this kind of phone and very interesting features, 3G wireless telephones however have short battery life compared to the second and first generation phones. Thus the use of this technology is dependent on the proximity to power s upply. In remote areas thus, persons are forced to use less advanced technologies to avoid frustrations. However, some wireless technology users use both technologies concurrently (Arshad, Farooq, Shah, 2010). 3G technology is usually common for users who depend on the wireless communication in internetworking. Most of the service providers carry out promotional advertisements encouraging users to use the technology based on its speed and coverage. 4G The fourth generation wireless telephones / cellular phone service also known as a complete 3G replacement. 4G operates more like 3G much as it is a step up from 3G. It appears to operate in a hopeful state, like providing its clients with very speedy wireless services. Being the new born baby this fourth generation wireless technology is availed in limited places/areas. It’s not widely spread and only in use in very few regions like Japan. 4G is anticipated and designed to deliver very high speed internet and generally high wi reless services. Also a high network capacity-allowing more people to operate/ access its resources simultaneously (Fendelman,). They too have the multimedia added feature but with very clear voice and video output compared to the initial generations just like the normal television. The fourth generation cellular phones are damn expensive (high cost) compared to the previous generations. The costs mentioned here are the installation costs. However, the technological requires less maintenance costs. Similarities All the above mentioned technologies are wireless technologies. They all are able to pass/enhance analog communication. They all can pass voice communications. The first and Second generation covers a relatively small area in terms of geographical boundaries. Each of the technological development has come with increased area coverage than the preceding development.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both the first and Second generation use a narrow band width, while the third and fourth generation uses wide band width. Both 1G and 2G deal/ are good in voice calls and in the process need to utilize the maximum bandwidth provided (Ashiho, 2003) Conclusion The technological development in the wireless communication has grown from one phase to another. As each phase is introduced, it leads to changes in other industries that depend on this technology for communication and other purposes. It is paramount to note that each of the above technologies has its own specifications. Thus, there is always a need for any firm to have a technician who shall introduce the members of the institutions on how to operate the different technological developments. The ability of a firm to use the most modern technology is for its advantage as this leads to less maintenance costs. The only additional costs in the generational growth are the initial installation costs (Ashiho, 2003). The developments t hat have been discussed in this paper have been enhanced by various firms and individuals. The need for the improvements has always rendered the players in the wireless communication busy with efforts of improving each of the development. While the current technology is viewed by many as perfect, it is expected that a need will arise for the provision of services that it does not offer. Thus, it is arguable to conclude that the development in the wireless communication cannot be optimum. References Arshad, j., Farooq, A., Shah, A., (2010) Evolution and Development Towards 4th Generation (4G) Mobile Communication Systems. Web. Ashiho, L. S. (2003). Mobile Technology: Evolution from 1G to 4G. Web. Fendelman, A. (n.d). Cell Phone Glossary: What is 1G vs. 2G vs. 2.5G vs. 3G vs. 4G? Web. News from Rohde and Schwarz (2002). Measuring the Acoustic Characteristics of 3G Mobile Phones. Web. Peter, K. (n.d). Analysis and Comparison of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G Telecom Services. Web.

How to Make Thermite With Aluminum from an Etch-a-Sketch

How to Make Thermite With Aluminum from an Etch-a-Sketch You may have learned about exothermic reactions in chemistry class. In an exothermic reaction, chemicals interact and release heat and often light. Burning wood is an exothermic reaction. So is rusting of iron, although the reaction is so slow you dont notice much going on. You can react iron much more quickly and spectacularly using the thermite reaction, which burns aluminum. The classic method of performing the reaction involves iron oxide, aluminum powder, and magnesium, but you can make do with household materials: 50 grams of finely powdered rust (Fe2O3)15 grams of aluminum powder (Al) Iron Oxide Collect rust from a rusted iron object, such as rust from a wet steel wool pad. Alternatively, you can use magnesite as your iron compound, which may be collected by running a magnet through beach sand. Aluminum This is where your Etch-a-Sketch comes into play. The powder inside an Etch-a-Sketch is aluminum. If you crack open the Etch-a-Sketch, you have the perfect complement to the iron oxide from the previous step. However, if you cant find an Etch-a-Sketch, you can grind aluminum foil in a spice mill. No matter how you get it, wear a mask when dealing with aluminum powder because you dont want to breathe it in. Wash your hands and everything after working with the stuff. Etch-a-Sketch Thermite Reaction This is insanely easy. Just be sure to choose a location away from anything flammable. Use eye protection when viewing the reaction, since a lot of light is emitted. Mix together the iron oxide and aluminum.Use a sparkler to light the mixture.Move away from the reaction and let it burn to completion before cleaning it up. Once it is cool, you can pick up the molten metal and examine it. You can use a propane torch instead of a sparkler to initiate the reaction, but try to maintain your distance as much as possible.